tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-61463173411191072962024-03-13T09:04:27.511-07:00中華民國比較文學學會 媒介(Mediation)研讀班Alice Ming-fang Chenghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08025697371365187143noreply@blogger.comBlogger34125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146317341119107296.post-38378085861884265942020-09-20T02:31:00.023-07:002021-03-03T01:38:20.612-08:00媒介(Mediation)研讀班 第十一場:「存世感性」的存取 活動側記<div class="_1Z_nJ" data-testid="richTextElement" id="comp-kc4xb4sz" style="--f0: var(--font_0); --f10: var(--font_10); --f1: var(--font_1); --f2: var(--font_2); --f3: var(--font_3); --f4: var(--font_4); --f5: var(--font_5); --f6: var(--font_6); --f7: var(--font_7); --f8: var(--font_8); --f9: var(--font_9); background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; grid-area: 3 / 1 / 4 / 2; height: auto; left: 158px; margin: 0px 0px 9px calc((100% - 980px) * 0.5); min-height: 195px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; place-self: start; pointer-events: none; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 662px;"><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">文本:<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: "times new roman", times, serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mark B. N. Hansen,<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> Feed-Forward: On the Future of the Twenty-First New Media</span>, 2015.</span></span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">主講人:吳建亨(國立清華大學外國語文學系助理教授)</span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">主持人/與談人:廖勇超(國立台灣大學外國語文學系副教授)</span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">時間:<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: "times new roman", times, serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">108 年 11 月 16 日(週六)</span></span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">地點:國立臺灣大學校史館一樓外文系會議室</span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">主辦單位:中華民國比較文學學會、科技部人文社會科學研究中心</span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">側記:楊志偉(臺東大學通識教育中心助理教授)</span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p></div><div class="_2TxBB" id="comp-kc4xb4t0" style="--contentpaddingbottom: 0px; --contentpaddingleft: 0px; --contentpaddingright: 0px; --contentpaddingtop: 0px; --height: 349px; --width: 624px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; grid-area: 4 / 1 / 5 / 2; height: 349px; left: 187px; margin: 0px 0px 41px calc((100% - 980px) * 0.5); outline: 0px; padding: 0px; place-self: start; pointer-events: auto; position: relative; top: var(--top,auto); vertical-align: baseline; width: 624px; z-index: var(--z-index,auto);" title=""><div class="_2yXCL" data-testid="linkElement" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: 349px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 624px;"><wix-image class="_1SQyl DFk41" data-bg-effect-name="" data-has-ssr-src="" data-image-info="{"containerId":"comp-kc4xb4t0","displayMode":"fill","imageData":{"width":960,"height":540,"uri":"007849_d62502ccc1554f069b1ce73cb7e309cc~mv2.jpg","name":"g11-1.jpg","displayMode":"fill"}}" data-image-zoomed="" data-is-svg-mask="false" data-is-svg="false" data-src="https://static.wixstatic.com/media/007849_d62502ccc1554f069b1ce73cb7e309cc~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_780,h_436,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01/g11-1.webp" id="img_comp-kc4xb4t0" style="display: block; height: 349px; min-height: var(--image-min-height); min-width: var(--image-min-width); overflow: hidden; width: 624px;"><img alt="g11-1.jpg" src="https://static.wixstatic.com/media/007849_d62502ccc1554f069b1ce73cb7e309cc~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_780,h_436,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01/g11-1.webp" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px; filter: var(--filter-effect-svg-url); height: 349px; margin: 0px; object-fit: cover; object-position: 50% 50%; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; width: 624px;" /></wix-image></div></div><div class="_1Z_nJ" data-testid="richTextElement" id="comp-kc4xb4t8" style="--f0: var(--font_0); --f10: var(--font_10); --f1: var(--font_1); --f2: var(--font_2); --f3: var(--font_3); --f4: var(--font_4); --f5: var(--font_5); --f6: var(--font_6); --f7: var(--font_7); --f8: var(--font_8); --f9: var(--font_9); background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; grid-area: 5 / 1 / 6 / 2; height: auto; left: 157px; margin: 0px 0px 18px calc((100% - 980px) * 0.5); min-height: 4599px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; place-self: start; pointer-events: none; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 665px;"><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 本場次的主讀人是吳建亨教授,主持人則為廖勇超教授,主讀書目則為媒介理論家漢森(Mark B. N. Hansen)的《前饋:論二十一世紀媒體的未來》(<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Feed-Forward: On the Future of the Twenty-First New Media</span>)一書。漢森本書所討論的主要關鍵字有三,分別為懷黑德(Alfred North Whitehead)、現象學與二十一世紀新媒體;而漢森撰寫此書的目的,即在於以懷黑德哲學理解二十一世紀新媒體,並透過二十一世紀新媒體重讀並改寫懷黑德哲學,藉此重塑現象學,開展「現象學的後現象學來生」(post-phenomenological afterlife)(<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Feed-Forward</span> 27)。</span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">二十一世紀新媒體、存世感性與前饋</span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 開場的時候主持人廖勇超教授先從阿多諾(Theodore Adorno)的一篇短文〈論文作為形式〉(“Essay as Form”)開始,略談媒介與思考之間的關係。阿多諾認為,萬事萬物皆有媒介、皆處於受到媒介(mediated)的狀態,而思考亦然。然而,廖勇超教授認為,這也表示我們需要思考一件事,即「思考」本身是否因此受到了媒介的牽制,而這也表示思考成為立即性(immediacy,即去媒介或無媒介)與媒介(mediation)兩者辯證的場域。</span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 接著,吳建亨教授則摘要《前饋》一書中的根本論點。吳建亨教授直言,漢森在《前饋》一書中,一方面試圖解釋懷黑德在二十一世紀的適切性,另一方面也希冀透過二十一世紀新媒體,重新理解懷黑德歷程哲學(process philosophy),並修正其思想中所殘存的人類中心主義。對漢森來說,懷氏哲學在本體(ontology)的層面上,其實已藉由整體宇宙論或total situation的概念,大大地擴張了人類經驗的領域,讓人類經驗脫離了以主體感官(perception)為中心的傳統,並使人類得以重新認識自身作為整體物質網絡環境中的一個元素。職是,懷黑德的思想可以說是在二十一世紀新媒體出現之前,即已經以思辨(speculation)的方式,指向外於人類意識的經驗範疇——即漢森所謂的非感官性經驗(nonperceptual experience)或經驗物質底層。只是,漢森也認為,懷氏哲學仍具有某種人類中心主義,需要透過二十一世紀新媒體,才能加以修正,並開展非感官性經驗的本體意義與其影響人類行為的動能。</span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 而在《前饋》一書中,漢森將非感官性經驗稱為「存世感性」(worldly sensibility),用來指涉前於或外於人類意識與感官知覺的物質基底,作為高階(如人類)意識形成的條件,並在後者成形之後,仍影響、形塑後者。如此的想法,也有助於將主體(subject)重新理解為懷黑德所謂的「超體」(superject),使得主體的根本源頭,不再是笛卡爾所謂的「我思」(I think),而是存世感性,表示主體的主觀或主體性(subjectivity),實際上是鑲嵌於某種客觀或客體性(objectivity)之中,或是客觀或客體環境作為主體誕生的條件、前提甚至是動力。透過此一論點,漢森企圖消解人類存在的優越性:人類存在體與非人類存在體、意識與物質同樣都是存世感性此一物質基底運作的結果。</span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 另一方面,漢森在《前饋》中所謂的二十一世紀新媒體,包含生物與環境微感應器(micro-sensor)以及網路社交平台與搜尋引擎,前者可以記錄到各種人類意識感官主體所無法感知、查覺到的生物與環境數據,後者則記錄主體各種行為模式,並將之數據化(data-ify)。而吳建亨教授解釋,漢森之所以會用「前饋」一詞作為其著作書名,便在於這些感應器與網路平台所蒐集到的各種數據資料,其實提供了某種「數位洞見」(digital insight),其所捕捉到人類無法所感知的經驗,可以前饋——向未來推送——至人類意識層次,打開人類意識經驗的侷限,並影響主體在未來的行為。換句話說,如漢森所言,二十一世紀新媒體其實亦提供了某種德希達與史提格勒所謂的「藥理補償」(pharmacology),在打開人類經驗範疇、讓人類顯得失能的同時,又提供了使人類增能、或是影響人類行為的可能。</span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">舊媒體vs.新媒體、過去與未來</span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 然而,吳建亨教授也提醒,對漢森來說,二十一世紀新媒體與舊媒體有許多不可抹滅的差異。一方面,舊媒體(如書寫、錄音、攝影等)的存在很容易被人類察覺,其功能在於捕捉人類意識所未能察覺的過去經驗(這個過去可以是傳統意義上的過去,如幾天前,也就是與 remembrance 或 recollection 相關;也可以是包含在當下意識之內的過去,即意識內時間上先於當下瞬間的零點幾秒,也就是胡賽爾現象學所論的 retention),藉此取代或補強人類的官能。漢森認為,舊媒體雖然可以記錄到人類當下意識所無法知覺或記憶的部分,但其本質上是為人類所服務的、是用於記錄人類未曾經驗或未能記得的過去,藉此增強、擴充人類的當下意識與經驗。而就藥理補償意義來說,人類失能與增能的層次是相同的,媒體讓人類失能,人類因此或可以不記得或沒看見,但卻又同時替代人類完成相關任務,讓人類的記憶與知覺得以外部化,成為一種增能補強。</span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 相對的,新媒體不再以人類為目的或中心,而是紀錄、呈現人類經驗的物質基底,如智慧型手機或手錶所記錄的人類生物特徵,包含腦波、心跳等,或是各種環境紀錄儀器所記錄氣壓、紫外線等環境數據。對漢森來說,這些生物與環境數據所體現的時間,是某種「感性運行的實質當下」(the operational present of sensibility);更重要的,這些物質經驗或數據不僅呈現了人類意識所無法察覺的生物與環境當下變化,同時亦不再強調人類經驗與過去的關聯,而是強調未來,並以前饋的方式影響人類的未來:各種微感應器透過分析人類當下行為,可藉此預測、甚至影響人類的未來行為。因此,如果說二十一世紀新媒體仍具有某種藥理補償功能,其所涉及的失能與增能的層次並不相同:失能的部分,在於呈現人類無法經驗的層次,也就是漢森所謂的存世感性物質底層;增能的部分,則是讓人類經驗到存世感性的物質底層,但與舊媒體不同,如此的經驗只能以一種間接的方式發生——微感應器以資料數據捕捉存世感性,但人類依舊無法直接經驗到存世感性。另一方面,新媒體所提供的增能,與影響人類的行為有關,但此一影響與舊媒體不同:只能在未來發生、只能影響人類未來而非當下的行為。</span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 另一方面,吳建亨教授也說明,對漢森來說,新舊媒體與資料或數據的關係實乃大相逕庭。舊媒體如電腦等主要的功能在於讀取資料(如電腦 ROM 的意思就是 read-only memory),但讀取的過程並不會造成資料的改變或增生;相較之下,新媒體不僅得以讀取或呈現存世感性物質基底經驗的數據,也會在讀取的過程中,在存世感性的層次中產生新的元素或數據,因此成為創造力的來源。</span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">科技悲觀或科技樂觀主義</span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 吳建亨教授也提醒,透過探討二十一世紀新媒體與存世感性對人類經驗的影響,漢森並非要拋棄人類與主體,而是企圖複雜化所謂的人類,並擴大主體的指涉範圍,藉此在去除人類中心主義的同時,發展某種後人類經驗本體。易言之,新媒體的作用仍然具有某種藥理作用:一方面作為毒藥,去除人類中心主義,一方面用作為良藥,打開與人類經驗相關、但無法為人類當下感知的存世感性經驗層次。這也表示漢森對於二十一世紀新媒體的態度,並不落入某種科技悲觀主義,譬如說只看見數據與監控的關係,而是強調數據的解放可能;然而,這不代表漢森就只是某種科技樂觀主義者,認為科技可以解決人類所臨的所有問題,而是持一種「審慎樂觀」的態度:如果能妥善運用二十一世紀新媒體所提供的數據或數位洞見,那麼則有助於再造所謂的人類與主體。</span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 但是,吳建亨教授也評論,從漢森所討論的各項案例,如臉書與潘特蘭(Alex Pentland)的社會指標(sociometer)實驗等,不免看出漢森的避重就輕,過於高估存世感性物質底層的動能,而遠遠低估了控制社會中各種機構,如國家、企業(如臉書)等對數據的控制,以及竄改媒體數據等行為。事實上,吳建亨教授強調,這些所謂的「竄改」,指得不僅是紀錄到數據之後再加以修改,同時也包含在紀錄數據的過程中,設計這些紀錄儀器與紀錄方式工程師的性別等因素,影響、決定數據產生的方式。換句話說,漢森雖然保留了人類的範疇,並複雜化所謂人類的概念,但如此的複雜往往只停留在本體的層次,而未能深化人類在倫理、政治等層面上與各機制(如國家、企業)協商的可能。</span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">科技決定論</span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 另一個值得討論的問題,是漢森對二十一世紀新媒體與存世感性的討論,是否呈現了某種科技決定論。李育霖教授認為,漢森一書所呈現,與其說是某種科技決定論,不如說是某種物質決定論;而吳建亨教授則認為,漢森的科技絕對論,或許介於有跟沒有之間:縱使是因為二十一世紀新媒體的出現,才得以捕捉、甚至如考古般挖掘(excavate)這些先於或前於人類意識的物質底層經驗,但我們亦可以依照懷黑德的路線,以哲學或理性思辨的方式,推測出感性存世的存在。此外,吳建亨教授也補充,漢森《前饋》一書中所談的數位,與讀書會前兩次所主讀的法蘭克林(Seb Franklin)以及蓋洛威(Alexander Galloway)所討論的數位在概念上不盡相同:法蘭克林與蓋洛威對數位的理解較為廣泛,指得是某種邏輯或運作模式、甚至是區分與辨別的行為,並在時序上將數位的出現推至十九世紀或更早(如古希臘);而漢森對於數位的理解則較為狹義或直觀,就是二十一世紀的新媒體所記錄到的生物與環境微觀數據。</span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 無論如何,如吳建亨教授重讀漢森引用懷黑德《歷程與實在》(Process and Reality)中的重要段落所示,對於懷黑德與漢森而言,主體已不若傳統哲學所設想,是對立、獨立於外在客體而存在。相反地,主體——無論是否為人類主體——的存在與形成皆依附在於客觀物質基底之中,為後者運作的效應(effect),無法脫離後者,並時時刻刻受到後者影響與決定。換句話說,所謂的主體必須看作是某種流動而非恆常不變的過程,是某種相對、暫時而非絕對永恆獨立的存在;由此觀之的人類主體,因此必須理解為某種後人類主體。另一方面,新生成的主體也會反饋至環境——漢森所謂的存世感性——之中,並因為主體與客體環境之間的共構關係,深化了讓主體本身的個體性。雖然懷黑德與漢森並不否認意識等高階機制的存在,但從前者所談的哲學思辨或理性經驗,還是後者所借助的二十一世紀新媒體,讓我們所看到的,都是形塑、決定或影響這些高階機制的物質基底。</span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">再現與湧現</span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 接著,吳建亨教授則將討論帶往再現與湧現(emergence)議題之上。一方面,吳建亨教授援引廖朝陽教授對 representationalism 的討論,說明所謂的再現或 representation,其實本質上即為分割與界定意義的機制,而 representationalism 則似乎預設了各個獨立個體的先存,然後才產生個體之間的互動。然而,如吳建亨教授說明,對廖朝陽教授來說,representationalism 並不是種絕對的錯誤,並非只能對立於 non-representationalism;事實上,我們可以思考在 representation 與主體發生的過程中,層次與層次、系統與系統之間的翻譯關係。畢竟,所謂的人類與意識,其實是演化發展的結果,是選擇與區分的過程與結果,而如此觀點不僅呼應了懷黑德對意識的理解,也提供了我們重思人類、甚至重思後人類概念下的人類。意即,在如此框架之下,我們須重思在二十一世紀的新歷史情境中,一同發展的人類和科技與底層物質在關係上的糾葛與連動,而非單純陷入 representationalism vs. nonrepresentationalism、全有或全無的絕對對立之中。</span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 另一方面,吳建亨教授則引入哈曼(Graham Harman)的提問,即如何從無區別性的物質底層演化出具有獨立性、區分性的人類意識。事實上,此一提問與漢森的論述亦息息相關:以漢森的語言來說,即是意識如何從存世感性湧現而出。吳建亨教授認為,漢森在《前饋》一書中所呈現的湧現,是一種「弱湧現」:如果說「強湧現」一詞,指得是成形後的個體具有高度的獨立性,有別於客觀或客體環境而存在,那麼弱湧現則是個體(如主體、意識)在誕生之後,仍和客觀環境在微觀層次上互相纏繞,保持連結或影響。換句話說,漢森的論述其實回應著哈曼的提問:我們要關切的不只是存在體、主體與意識如何從無區分性的物質底層誕生,而是要進一步追問這些誕生後的存在體與物質底層如何保持連結與連動。</span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 然而,吳建亨教授也指出,漢森的說法誠然具有某種理論正確,但卻也難以回應解放政治或齊傑克(Slavoj Žižek)等人的提問,即弱湧現的個體雖然與其生成環境條件息息相關,但卻也難以對環境造成有意義的改變,而無法造成如強湧現一樣的影響。同樣的問題用阿多諾的例子來解釋,就是在奧茲維許(Auschwitz)之後,詩如何還有可能——語言要如何超脫使其得以生成的情境與條件。另一方面,漢森的弱湧現概念,雖然有助於去除人類中心主義,可是仍難以解釋人類世中各種不平等關係或配置是如何產生,又如何讓這些處於主宰位置的配置,從忽略其底層生成條件,轉而承認其作為底層的一部分。</span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 吳建亨教授認為,或許我們需要一種力(force)的理論,並思考這個力的理論所運作的層次。有一種看法是將本體即視為力,如漢森所謂的存世感性物質基底即有此一特色,其中微關係與動態即為一種力的展現。然而,這種本體「力學」理論會造成關係的自然化,並在無限上綱後被看作是政治解放可能後,在理論層次上產生難以克服的邏輯矛盾:如果本體之力被視為解決高階宰制關係或配置的答案,同時又被看作是一切存在體、包含高階宰制關係╱配置的源頭,那何以這些問題關係╱配置會得以發生,並在本體作用力不斷運行下持續產生?甚至,如果高階存在體如意識的形成,是選擇與區分等機制的產物,那麼各種微關係或存在體(如細胞、大腦神經元等)的改變,是否又真能造成高階存在體的改變?吳建亨教授認為,並非我們需要拋棄本體之力的構想,而是我們需同時構思如何翻譯此一本體之力,才能有效地解決高階機制所造成的宰制關係。</span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">雙重性與客觀性</span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 接著吳建亨教授進一步解釋二十一世紀新媒體的雙重性——即 aboutness 與 just-being:一方面新媒體(如微感應器)捕捉存世感性的運作,並將之轉換成人類高階意識可以理解的數據資料,此為新媒體的 aboutness;另一方面,新媒體在紀錄、捕捉存世感性內容的過程,不只是存取或記錄了存世感性,也會替存世感性增添了新的元素,這正是漢森認為二十一世紀新媒體所呈現的 just-being 與創造性來源。</span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 更重要的,吳建亨教授藉此進一步說明,漢森對新媒體的論述如何修正了對客觀性的理解,讓觀察從人類進到某種後人類的模式。譬如說,就人類模式的觀察而言,觀察的主體與客體是分離的,前者處在超然、外於後者的狀態之下,被觀察的對象因此成為純然受到客觀觀察的客體或物體。然而,就後人類模式的觀察來說,觀察的主體——微感應器——和客體——即存世感性——是處在同一層次,主體本身也是客體的一部分,會在觀察的過程中替客體增加新的元素;換句話說,對漢森來說,在二十一世紀新媒體紀錄的過程中,aboutness 與 just-being 是一起發生的。</span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">數據資本主義極其抵抗</span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 導讀的最後,吳建亨教授則針對漢森書中所提到的數據資本主義(data capitalism)、數位控制與抵抗可能進行討論。漢森認為,二十一世紀新媒體微感應器不僅提供了數位洞見,間接地影響人類的行為,也同時被資本機制挪用成為新的控制技術,同樣間接地影響我們的行為。代表範例即為臉書與 Google:這兩者皆不會直接地命令或控制使用的行為,但會透過資料蒐集、分析與反饋的方式,間接地影響使用者行為,譬如說記錄使用者與他人對話的過程中所表達的喜好或需求,並將相關商品廣告呈現在使用者所瀏覽的網頁上,藉此影響使用者的行為模式。事實上,漢森認為,二十一世紀新媒體誠然揭露了不同層次的時間性,包含感性的運行當下(operational present of sensibility)與感知的當下(present of perception),然而,資本主義卻會利用這兩者的差別,製造出資訊的不對稱——漢森稱之為「思考時間不均等原則」(the principle of nonequal deliberation time)——並藉此在使用者無意識或有意識之前,影響使用者的消費行為。</span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 而吳建亨教授問到,面對資本主義挪用數位洞見來操弄使用者的消費行為,漢森是否有提出認為抵抗的辦法?吳建亨教授認為,漢森的確是有提出相關概念,並與舊的抵抗方式有所區別:如果說舊的抵抗方式,是如傅柯(Michel Foucault)或巴特勒(Judith Butler)所採取的路線,即透過挪用文化符號的方式進行,如在不消彌 homosexuality 既有負面意涵的情形下,挪用該字的意義,賦予其正面的文化意義,那麼漢森認為,這種抵抗方式在二十一世紀新媒體時代往往出現的太晚,只能在資本主義挪用數位洞見之後才能發生。然而,吳建亨教授認為,漢森對於數位洞見所提供的新抵抗可能實在著墨太少,未真的清楚說明要如何從臉書或 Google 奪回使用數位洞見的主動權。另外,從某些實例來看,如 MIT 與比利時魯汶大學的實驗等,發現可以利用 T-shirt 上的圖形(如動物圖形)來對抗 AI 數位監控技術,而這樣的案例可以看作數位式的文化符號挪用,因此舊抵抗方式似乎不若漢森所說,在二十一世紀已無其效用。</span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 最後,吳建亨則回到潘特蘭,並藉此對漢森進行批評。如漢森在書中所述,潘特蘭的社會指標可以在開會時記錄下參與者非語言與非意識層次的生物反應特徵,並發現協商的決策與結果常常協商初期、在參與者還未開口前就已達成。換句話說,非語言、非意識對協商的影響遠大過於意識與語言的層次,而 sociometer 的紀錄則有助於參與協商時可以在相關層次的運作上改變自身行為。</span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 對漢森來說,潘特蘭的社會指標實乃前饋的範例模型,並將潘特蘭所談的數位神經網絡(digital nervous system)與存世感性概念相類比;而這也是漢森與其他媒介理論家不同之處:漢森敢於使用常會受到媒介學者批評的理論詞彙,如 digital nervous system 或 social engineering 等。然而,吳建亨教授直言,這也是漢森問題最大之處。畢竟,漢森在《前饋》一書中,雖然將臉書視為數位資本主義的範例並大加批判,卻忽略了 Google 才是數位監控與操弄的大魔王,並對潘特蘭與 Google 的關係隻字未提。事實上,如同吳建亨教授提及學者祖波芙(Shoshana Zuboff)與麥新明(James Maxmin)的《監控資本主義的年代》(<i>The Age of Surveillance Capitalism</i>)一書中所說,Google 數位資本主義的運作,是在使用者未清楚認知的情況下,將使用者使用 Google 的相關數據持續保存,並挪用至使用同意書上未載明的用途;數據因此變成了某種賸餘(surplus)、變成了某種資本,而雖然 Google 在使用上是免費,但原因不是 Google 將其使用者視為客戶,而是將其看作數據的提供者或是原物料。無論如何,從同樣潘特蘭與 Google 的身上,祖波芙與麥新明所看到的行為賸餘(behavioral surplus)與漢森所看到的存世感性這種感性或經驗上的賸餘,形成了強烈的對比。</span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; 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height: 341px; min-height: var(--image-min-height); min-width: var(--image-min-width); overflow: hidden; width: 609px;"><img alt="g11-2.jpg" src="https://static.wixstatic.com/media/007849_58e56c4627df41e0b420d76049fc30d9~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_761,h_426,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01/g11-2.webp" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px; filter: var(--filter-effect-svg-url); height: 341px; margin: 0px; object-fit: cover; object-position: 50% 50%; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; width: 609px;" /></wix-image></div></div><div class="_1Z_nJ" data-testid="richTextElement" id="comp-kc4xb4te" style="--f0: var(--font_0); --f10: var(--font_10); --f1: var(--font_1); --f2: var(--font_2); --f3: var(--font_3); --f4: var(--font_4); --f5: var(--font_5); --f6: var(--font_6); --f7: var(--font_7); --f8: var(--font_8); --f9: var(--font_9); background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; grid-area: 8 / 1 / 9 / 2; height: auto; left: 159px; margin: 0px 0px 61px calc((100% - 980px) * 0.5); min-height: 810px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; place-self: start; pointer-events: none; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 662px;"><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 廖勇超教授首先回應,提到 Elon Musk 創立的 Neuralink,企圖將大腦外層接上感應器,讓腦部或肢體受傷的人,可以進行相對正常的活動。而楊志偉則回應,或許漢森跟德勒茲有清楚的差異,德勒茲所談的 deterritorialization 比較像是吳建亨教授所說,是透過本體之力或 ontological force 作為解放的來源,但這個來源並不反饋或生成某種類似意識主體的東西,而漢森則很明確的強調反饋到意識或人類主體的層次。同時,雖然漢森強調不同的現在,又強調數位所帶給人類的洞見,只能以前饋的形式發生,但某種程度上來說,這個前饋發生的時候,似乎還是有將不同的現在拉平的企圖。甚至,漢森對於人類意識主體到底要保留多少,在態度似乎有些猶疑不定。吳建亨教授則回應,漢森畢竟以現象學起家,所以在《前饋》一書中會盡量企圖保留意識、意圖等現象學相關概念,並發展後現象學式的現象學。然而,根據漢森在書中所提到的案例,如美國軍方企圖透過掃描軍事專家判讀衛星微影像時的大腦活動,並用電腦取代人類進行判讀,卻讓人不禁懷疑,這種情況是否還有保留人類意識的必要性;甚至,漢森在《前饋》一書中,對所提到的例子討論不足,往往未能充分說明這些例證何以可以做為數位或新媒體的正面案例。</span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 李鴻瓊教授則認為存世感性的模型,源自於生物運作狀況:身體本身即有各種無意識運作,而意識則在生物發展的過程中,會進行篩選等過程,分工合作,大腦因此無需處理所有的刺激。然而,如此演化是時間積累的結果,漢森直接將大腦╱非大腦、意識╱非意識的運作直接外部化至科技情境會產生論述上的漏洞:一方面,是否能真的這樣平移,其實有待商榷;另一方面,將原本是生物或身體底層無意識的運作直接交由機器取代,反而強化了異化的狀態。事實上,如此科技增能已經不是單純的擴大感知基礎,而是感知基礎的外部化與人工化,不僅無法讓意識的能力更為厚實,生命經驗也不會因此更加豐富。甚至,會因為無意識的外部化,讓無意識受到更為難以擺脫的控制,反而造成增能與失能兩者的極端化。邱彥彬教授則延伸說到,或許對於漢森來說,已沒有外部與內部的分野,而新媒體的增能╱失能與演化也較無關聯;但意識如何 emerge 或產生,仍值得討論。而吳建亨教授則回應,漢森本身可能並未深究存世感性與演化的關聯,但在漢森書中所引用的懷黑德段落,則又與演化有所相關。</span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 楊志偉則繼續提問,在《前饋》一書中,存世感性與數據兩者往往是畫上等號,然而,微感應器所觀測到的數據與存世感性的數據是否真的能看作是同一層次的經驗,似乎可以再行討論。吳建亨教授則回應,漢森所提出數據的 aboutness 比較好理解,但數據的 just-being、也就是如何影響到存世感性這個部分,漢森則未說明的非常清楚。</span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 李育霖教授則延伸討論,漢森談意識、存世感性時用到了如 implication 這樣的字彙,實際上引用了萊布尼茲(Gottfried Leibniz)與德勒茲論 individuation 等思想脈絡;另外,漢森所談的二十一世紀新媒體,是否真的能直接媒介存世感性,而人與機器關係又為何、人在如此情境中又佔據什麼地位,值得進一步討論。吳建亨教授則回應,漢森雖有提到感性與感知的交錯或 overlap,但漢森所談的例子對於感知的層次著墨甚少,因此也無法談感知如何應對或挪用感性的層次。李育霖教授則說,漢森企圖用 superject 取代 subject,李鴻瓊教授認為,漢森其實是不談湧現或 emergence 的問題,反而懷黑德的哲學是有處理 emergence 的問題。而李育霖教授與吳建亨教授則回應,漢森多少還是有討論的 emergence 的問題,而吳建亨教授與李鴻瓊教授則同意,漢森如果有談所謂的 emergence 的話,是放在存世感性的層次上處理。</span></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></p><p class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: rgb(var(--color_15)); font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif;">(原文刊載於中華民國比較文學學會電子報第 33 期 <a href="https://claroc100.wixsite.com/newsletter33/%E7%8F%BE%E5%A0%B4-%E5%AA%92%E4%BB%8B11">https://claroc100.wixsite.com/newsletter33/%E7%8F%BE%E5%A0%B4-%E5%AA%92%E4%BB%8B11</a></span><span style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif;">)</span></p></div>Alice Ming-fang Chenghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08025697371365187143noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146317341119107296.post-9703652011824669152020-09-19T02:11:00.124-07:002021-03-03T01:28:48.864-08:00媒介(Mediation)研讀班 第十場:「一的數位性」 活動側記<p><span color="rgb(var(--color_15))" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;">文本:</span><span color="rgb(var(--color_15))" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;">Galloway, Alexander R. </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><i>Laruelle: Against the Digital<br /></i></span></span></span><span color="rgb(var(--color_15))" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;">主講人:涂銘宏(淡江大學英文學系副教授)<br /></span><span color="rgb(var(--color_15))" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;">主持人/與談人:林建光(國立中興大學外國語文學系副教授)<br /></span><span color="rgb(var(--color_15))" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;">時間:</span><span color="rgb(var(--color_15))" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;">108年10月26日(週六)<br /></span></span><span color="rgb(var(--color_15))" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;">地點:國立臺灣師範大學誠大樓八樓英語系會議室<br /></span><span color="rgb(var(--color_15))" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;">主辦單位:中華民國比較文學學會、科技部人文社會科學研究中心<br /></span><span color="rgb(var(--color_15))" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;">側記:謝伊柔(台灣大學外文系博士候選人)<br /><br /><br /><img alt="g10-1.jpg" src="https://static.wixstatic.com/media/007849_08bf284af2194b2bbc773bcee636537c~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_751,h_421,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01/g10-1.webp" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px; filter: var(--filter-effect-svg-url); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; height: 337px; margin: 0px; object-fit: cover; object-position: 50% 50%; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; width: 601px;" /></span></p><p><span color="rgb(var(--color_15))" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></span></p><p><span color="rgb(var(--color_15))" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;">何謂數位性:Galloway 論 Laruelle</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;"> 開場的時候主持人林建光教授指出,雖然他先前沒有接觸過這個理論家,但「數位」(digital)已然逐漸成為台灣甚至於當代人文研究的顯學。此次透過 Galloway 的作品,我們得以看出 Laruelle 如何藉由重新演繹 0 與 1 的角色,凸顯出一種迥異於 Deleuze 等人所代表的法國差異哲學之思考路徑,後者顯然對於所謂的「同一」抱持著反對的意見。這對於過去二十餘年將思想工作多半聚焦(後)結構思想的台灣學界而言,是相當有趣新鮮的嘗試。</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;"> 緊接著前述的話題,涂銘宏教授首先指出 Deleuze 思想,作為一個理解 Galloway 如何藉由 Laruelle 發展其個人思想的重要軸線,可能是我們與 Laruelle 最近也是最遠的距離。此外,他也表示由於 Galloway 在 2006 年出版過一本討論遊戲的作品,同時也和涂教授個人對於遊戲研究(game studies)與科技哲學的興趣關係密切。因此,今天的導讀,除了探討 Galloway 如何藉由 Laruelle 發展自己的思想之外,涂教授也進一步以遊戲來切入 Laruelle 的觀點,這部分亦是他對於 Galloway 解讀之外的個人理論介入。</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;"> 涂教授先從全書的第五章出發,當中 Galloway 花費不小的篇幅討論 Deleuze「控制社會的附筆」(“Postscript on the Societies of Control”)這篇兩千多字的短文,希望開展 Deleuze 與電腦的關係,並且再以 Deleuze 對於電腦的分析來關照 Laruelle 的「數位性」(digitality)主題。涂教授指出,「控制社會的附筆」作為德勒茲晚期一篇重要的作品,在上一場的讀書會裡陳春燕老師已經做過些許的討論,兩次讀書會的內容可以彼此呼應、相互對話。</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;"> 在 Laruelle 並沒有直接提及「數位性」的前提下,Galloway 將「數位」的概念和 Laruelle 的「非哲學」兩者結合,在其中以電腦與網路為分析目標來進一步說明當代社會的現況。為了讓觀眾更為理解 Galloway 思想的關懷,涂教授提出了 Galloway 其他作品裡面與遊戲與數位文化相關的概念與觀察。</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;"> 整體而言,Galloway 嘗試從歷史角度,來創立某種「另類數位」(alternative digitality)的路徑,來回應「數位」造成的問題與困境。他從廣義的層次,理解數位對於當前社會的挑戰。數位,並非限於於我們在科技環境上面看到的事物,而是得以從古老的人文與哲學思想裡找到其起源的線索與脈絡,因而出現人文學者可以介入操作的空間。</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;">Laruelle 的思想與「非哲學」</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;"> 由於全書論及的思想體系太過龐雜,涂教授將這次的導讀集中於第一、二與第五章。Galloway 在書的甫一開頭,便揭示全書的主旨:數位與哲學不但是我們無法避談的問題,數位的機器,支配著無論是窮人或富人的生活;而所謂的數位思想,近似於一種用於世界或者自我的二分法,同時是今日我們所謂「思考」的同義詞。</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;"> 事實上,與其說 Laruelle 建構了特定的哲學體系,他更像是一個概念的摧毀者。然而,儘管他的思想裡並沒有提出直接關於數位性的思考,但其「非哲學」對於哲學的挑戰,實際上就是一種以非數位的方式,來回應數位邏輯的路徑問題。那麼,所謂哲學與數位(性)的關係為何?對 Galloway 而言,哲學問題和數位性的窠臼很像,都是一種進行區分(making distinction)的邏輯。</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;"> Galloway 進一步以一系列的語彙來描寫 Laruelle「非哲學」思想的特徵:單一(univocal)、單一方向(unidirectional)、內在的(immanent)、遺忘的(oblivious)、自閉的(autistic)、 預防性的(prophylactic)等等。無論是「遺忘」或者「自閉」等等詞彙的描述,都展現主體不用堅持或者刻意創造什麼差異、或者是強調某種特異性(singularity)的模式。</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;"> Galloway 以 Laruelle 自閉式的哲學態度,來進一步指陳內在性的純粹與導致的差異:首先,Laruelle 的「一」是非外延、否定形而上學基礎、同時並不追求超驗(transcendence)的向度,是一個跟自己本身一致的(identical to itself)、停留在內在性本身的「一」。其次,Laruelle 認為存在的多樣性(multiplicity of being),是不可能發生的,但對 Deleuze 與 Guattari 來說,「一」可能在不同的場域出現各色各樣的力道與可能,例如同一個生物可能出現能夠展現「一」的多重組配。最後,西方的哲學思想裡,對於「區分」這件事似乎有著某種戀物式的情懷,所以「做哲學」往往得服從於由這種「區分之必然性」造成的幻覺。</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;">數位與類比的差異</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;"> Galloway 賦予數位與類比一個最為基本的定義:所謂的數位,指的是一分為二的過程;類比,指的是兩個元素合為一。然而,這種數位的定義,不僅止於我們熟悉的 0 與 1 之間的編碼操作,它被賦予一個更為廣義的框架。</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;"> Galloway 同時將 Deleuze 理論置入數位邏輯的框架底下思考,指出 actualization 實則也是一個數位化模式的產物。Deleuze 雖然以 virtualization and actualization 之間的轉換取代掉辯證,但由於在 actualization 當中,個體是那個被個體化的(the individualized)本身,使得這個過程就嚴格意義來看,是一種將「大寫的一」(the One)變成了和「另一個」(an other)相對的「這個一」(this one)或者「小寫的一」(a one)(54)。</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;"> 然而,涂教授在這邊強調,他個人認為許多 Deleuze 學者未必會同意 Galloway 這樣談論 virtual 與 actual 的論點,並且表示就他的觀察,無論是 Galloway 或是 Laruelle 均有「刻意誤讀 Deleuze」來發展自身哲學的目的。換言之,這樣的連結介入,可以視為一個 Galloway 的 performative gesture,以方便他操作「透過 actualization 來了解 digitalization」這樣的論點。相對於數位性,在西方的傳統裡面非常欠缺類比式的想法。</span></p><p><span style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "times new roman", times, serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "times new roman", times, serif; font-size: 16px;">◆ 討論時間</span></p><p><br /></p><p><img alt="g10-2.jpg" src="https://static.wixstatic.com/media/007849_54e065d6ef3246bca46ab9b913ff0261~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_761,h_426,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01/g10-2.webp" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px; filter: var(--filter-effect-svg-url); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; height: 341px; margin: 0px; object-fit: cover; object-position: 50% 50%; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; width: 609px;" /></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;"> 在開放提問前,主持人林教授表示,Laruelle 的思想本身可能會帶來給我們更多的疑惑而非解答。例如:他所提出的物質主義和歷史唯物的差別(和我們想像的物質主義不同,但他又是馬克思主義者)、對於烏托邦的特殊想像與可能性等等,再到 Galloway 實際上已經是(重新)閱讀 Laruelle,以及這個與純粹的內在緊密結合的 Oneness 帶有的神祕性等等,都是我們可以持續深究的問題。</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;">討論一:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;"> 李育霖教授提問,Galloway 在這本書的標題用了 Against the Digital,雖然我們不能(也不會)把 against the digital 等同於 pro-analog,或者是反數位、或者不贊成類比。所以,顯然 Galloway 的立場似乎不是要在兩者當中擇選一個。此外,他也一直強調要避免(prevent)進入具有數位性的哲學決斷當中,那麼這個 prevent 有沒有 Deleuze 那種 pre-individual 的意涵,或者是這種還沒有進入 actualized 或是 digitalized 之前那種比較 chaotic 的狀態?另外李教授也提及書中名為「事件」(event)的章節,想知道 event 跟 prevent 之間是不是存在著什麼關係? 簡單說,Galloway 是不是有一個支持 analog 的立場?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;"> 涂教授先回答關於 prevent 的問題,他表示 digital 事實上是屬於 event 的範疇,digital 如果是 1,那麼 analog 不是 0,是另外一種 1。因為 digital 誤認自己具有某種 self-sufficiency,才導致各種問題的產生。書中談到 prevent 的段落,說明它是一種 the preemption of the event and the prior to the event。意味著 prevent 不是意味著沒有事情發生,而是不依照著因為有某些條件而導致的因果。於是 prevent 的 pre 可能是一種讓 event 不要發生的狀態,讓決斷等等都不要發生,沒有想要讓它變成一個具體的東西,所以這個 pre 未必是某種 pre-individual。</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;"> 主持人林教授則認為,這種最後的決斷比較不像 Deleuze,反而比較像 Althusser 最後的決斷,變成是一個命運,這部分又會到後結構主義不太談經濟結構的脈絡,可是這個一直會在那邊的到底是什麼,就比較神秘。</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;"> 李教授在討論當中也回到書的最後一頁 Galloway 寫下結論的那個地方引述 Galloway 的話:「For the key to our destiny is no so much zeros and ones, but ones and twos, the one becoming two and the two returning as one」,並引用李安的新電影《雙子殺手》,試圖進一步思考類比與數位的關係,是否已經日趨模糊。</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;"> 涂教授則回應表示,技術的層次確實已經超越純數位或者純類比的典範,除了李安的例子外、還有《復仇者聯盟四》裡鋼鐵人演員可以藉由 AI 技術年輕化,而不需要再找一個新演員等等。所以我們可以重新思考,在數位與類比之間,是不是一定是一種二元的組配,或其實還存在其他的可能。</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;">討論二:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;"> 涂教授同時也對於邱彥彬教授提問:像這樣 Laruelle 這樣特殊的思想,如果是從 Benjamin 和 Agamben 來看的話會是怎麼樣的狀態?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;"> 邱教授認為從 preemption 的角度觀察,這可能類似 Bartleby 那樣的案例,是一種 conditional impossibility 或者無法用 digital 來理解的奇怪動作。Prevent 的 pre 在這邊以一種不是因果關係的樣態存在,目的是要阻止 event 出現,而 Galloway 所謂的 the realm of analog,可以從這個意義下去理解。</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;"> 涂教授則回應,他是把analog 視為一個 gesture,或是某種具有 performative 意義的概念框架來理解。意指的是,當我們拒絕「數位」這條固定路徑之後,存在著各式各樣的可能性,但 analog 是之一、而非唯一的可能性,所以 the realm of analog,不是只有 analog 的層次而已。</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;"> 此外,邱教授也補充,analog 和 digital 顯然是不同層次的東西,在這個意義下也不是要彰顯 actualization 的層次,所以仍然具有其理論力道,更像是開展更多除了 actualization 之外的可能性。</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;">討論三:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;"> 最後,同學補充 Galloway 在名為「The Golden Age of Analog」的演講影片裡面(YouTube 上面可以看到),有提到他如何從一個科幻小說虛構開始,將數位的概念與哲學傳統相連,並且也解釋了他對過去研究者區分數位/類比之概念的不同意義等等,相關內容也許可以對應到教授們討論的問題,提供師長們參考。</span></p><p><span style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px;">(原文刊載於中華民國比較文學學會電子報第 33 期 </span><a href="https://claroc100.wixsite.com/newsletter32/9" style="font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px;">https://claroc100.wixsite.com/newsletter33/%E7%8F%BE%E5%A0%B4-%E5%AA%92%E4%BB%8B10</a><span style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px;">)</span></p>Alice Ming-fang Chenghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08025697371365187143noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146317341119107296.post-76972333065225667542020-05-12T21:34:00.000-07:002020-05-12T21:34:03.836-07:00媒介(Mediation)研讀班 第九場:數位性思維,及其文學體現 活動側記<div class="txtNew" data-min-height="201" data-packed="false" id="comp-k1kjaziq" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; grid-area: 3 / 1 / 4 / 2; left: 158px; margin: 0px 0px 17px calc((100% - 980px) * 0.5); min-height: 201px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; place-self: start; pointer-events: none; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 662px;">
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">文本:<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: "times new roman", times, serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Seb Franklin, <i>Control: Digitality as Cultural Logic</i>, 2015. (導論、Chapter 1,2,4)</span></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">主講人:陳春燕(國立臺灣大學外文系副教授)</span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">主持人/與談人:涂銘宏(淡江大學英文學系副教授)</span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">時間:<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: "times new roman", times, serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">108 年 9 月 21 日(週六)</span></span></div>
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<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">引文</span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 本場次的主講人是陳春燕教授,主持人為涂銘宏教授,研讀文本則為學者法蘭克林(Seb Franklin)於2015年所出版的《控制:作為文化邏輯的數位性》(<i>Control: Digitality as Cultural Logic</i>)一書中導論、第一章、第二章與第四章。本場讀書會,陳春燕教授除了評析法蘭克林《控制》一書外,同時也介紹書中所提到的思想家——包含德勒茲(Gilles Deleuze)與模控學發展的相關科學家,如維納(Norbert Wiener)、夏儂(Claude E. Shannon)、葛更(Bernard Dionysius Geoghegan)等人——並討論類比(analog)與數位(digital)兩者的關係,以及從數位本身(而非只是回到類比)回應數位宰制的可能。</span></div>
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<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">連結與總論</span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 開場的時候,主持人涂銘宏教授除了點出《控制》一書與德勒茲研究之間的連結——如他所討論的德勒茲「分體」(dividual)概念與數位性(digitality)的連結,亦認為人文學門在數位時代、AI 時代必須思考該如何面對、回應科學或科技,而法蘭克林似乎給了我們一些啟示,可作為探索的起點。</span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 接著,則由陳春燕教授針對法蘭克林《控制》一書的進行綜合評論。《控制》一書的主要關鍵字有三,即控制、數位性與資本主義,其主題則同時涵蓋文化、科技與社會經濟等各層面。法蘭克林在書中名為〈電腦作為隱喻〉(“Computer as Metaphor”)的導論章節認為,當代學界對於我們所身處的年代有一種命名的熱潮;陳春燕教授則說,面對如此情況,法蘭克林的回應是以控制或數位(性)(digital/-ity)概念理解,並將科技(如電腦、數位等)一面視為是形塑文化與政治經濟體系的動力,另一面又看作是文化與政治經濟體系的表現。對法蘭克林來說,所謂的控制,其實就是數位性、就是依照數位邏輯形塑、控管生命,而資本主義的運作如勞動異化等,則呼應數位化中的取樣(sampling)與量化(quantization)過程。除導論外,全書包含兩大部分:第一部分(第一、第二章)討論資本主義中內藏的控制邏輯與模控學的發展歷史,第二部分(第三到第五章)則處理控制邏輯的文化與文學表現。陳春燕教授認為,某種程度上來說,《控制》全書企圖避開科技決定論,不把文化視為只是科技的表現,而是將兩者、甚至與社會經濟之間看作是互為表裡、互相影響,同時互相建構。</span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">方法學</span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 就方法論來說,法蘭克林同時有其可取與值得商榷之處。陳春燕教授直言,《控制》一書讀起來可說是野心勃勃,企圖將控制社會、模控學、數位邏輯以及資本主義勞動異化等概念相連,值得讚揚。然而,《控制》的方法學在嚴謹度與準確度卻顯不足,某些立論有待商榷:譬如說,控制與數位性是否真能看作全然相等,而控制╱數位性與資本主義的歷史發展及運作方式是否真能那樣契合,皆有待進一步討論。同時,法蘭克林對數位的理解過於悲觀,不認為我們有逃脫數位控制的可能,最多只能以無法數位化的雜訊、不確定性或 entropy 做消極的抵抗。易言之,法蘭克林將控制與數位劃上等號的同時,其實正排除了以正面的、更具創造力的角度看待數位的可能,結果則是將數位與非數位放置於對立關係的兩端,不僅使類比成了唯一解決數位問題的答案,更否定了從數位之中找到有別於數位控制邏輯的可能。對陳春燕教授來說,要應對數位與其對生命的控制,我們無須只能回到對比,亦不用過度否定數位,而是可以學習法蘭克林,打開對數位的解釋空間,並從數位中或數位之外找到更具創意的數位理解與使用方式。</span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">德勒茲、控制社會、數位與類比</span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 陳春燕教授亦對德勒茲〈論控制社會後記〉(“Postscript on the Societies of Control”)一文所談的控制社會概念有非常完整的回顧。如果對傅柯(Michel Foucault)來說,十八、十九世紀以降的現代性治理型態是以規訓為主要模式,那麼,德勒茲認為,二次大戰後的主要治理模型則是所謂的控制或控制社會。而對德勒茲來說,規訓與控制之間有幾個主要的區別:首先,規訓的目標在於生產分離的「個體」(individual,而 individual 一字具有「不可分割」之意),控制則製造所謂的「分體」——一方面由不同的元素,如數據、價值等所構成,另一面又作為金融、銀行等龐大體系的一部份。再者,規訓社會著眼於生產力的集中與管理,控制則強調讓人處在一種欠債、永遠不足或不夠的狀態。同時,規訓社會以類比為主要運作邏輯,控制社會則立基於數位邏輯之上。更重要的,陳春燕教授認為,德勒茲〈後記〉一文亦隱含規訓社會與控制社會中的不同抵抗模式:規訓社會的抵抗,在於打開封閉的規訓系統;控制社會的抵抗,則在於小幅度的調節(modulation),而這也表示沒有全盤推翻、改寫控制社會的可能。</span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 同時,陳春燕教授討論德勒茲對數位一詞的理解。如德勒茲於其《論培根之感覺邏輯》(Francis Bacon: The Logic of Sensation)一書中所提到的「數位」,意思比較接近 coding、也就是編碼或是在有限的選擇中做決定;而「類比」一字,所表示的不只是類似或相似(resemblance 或 analogy)而已,而是一種關係。舉例來說,羅蘭巴特(Roland Barthes)所談的影像本身即是類比,是一種意符與意旨間有跡可循的關係;數位則是語言中符號與符號之間那種強制卻又武斷的連接。另一方面,陳春燕教授則提到,在法文中可以表達數位概念主要有兩字:一是 digital(英法拼法相同),另一則是 numerical(法文作 numérique);後者與「數字」、「數值」等意思相關,前者在字源上則與手指、腳趾相關,因此與數數、算數,甚至是與分離(discrete)概念相連。</span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">古典模控學、控制與新自由主義</span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 而除了德勒茲的控制社會概念外,法蘭克林的《控制》一書有另一個重要的理論源頭:維納、夏儂、麥柯拉(Warren McCulloch)與皮茲(Walter Pitts)等人所建構的古典模控學。依照陳春燕教授解釋,如果德國媒介理論學者基特勒(Friedrich Kittler)在乎的是尚未被媒介化的 raw data,那麼維那、夏儂等人著眼的則是溝通(communication)、是如何極大化、優化訊息(information)的傳輸。當初維納與夏儂之所以要發展模控學,目的在於預測敵機的飛行路線,好讓飛彈能順利擊中敵機;而要達成此一目標,則必須透過篩選與排除機制,將可能的路線範圍縮小,才能有效地進行判斷。另一方面,美國的神經科學家麥柯拉與皮茲兩人則參考圖靈(Alain Turing)的數學概念,將神經傳導重新定義為神經元在達到一定門檻時才會將傳送訊息,不然則無法傳出;而陳春燕教授解釋,如此全有或全無的情況,對麥柯拉與皮茲來說,正是數位。</span></div>
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<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 值得注意的是,陳春燕教授亦提到,當時的科學家對於模控學是否能延伸至人文、社會或經濟科學等領域,態度上其實較為保留;相反的,人文與經濟學者則較為正面,如李維史陀(Claude Lévi-Strauss)認為語言即呈現二元性(binarity)與數位性,或諾伊曼(John von Neumann)所提出的賽局理論,則是借用模控學來解釋個體經濟行為,將從事經濟活動的個體,視為理性的資料處理系統。對於法蘭克林來說,正是這些對於古典模控學的延伸,使得控制成為當代文化、政治與經濟的主要運作邏輯;而二十世紀所發展的數位運算,則讓控制社會與新自由主義兩者得以相連。</span></div>
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<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 然而,陳春燕教授認為,這也是《控制》一書讀來最令人疑惑之處:雖然法蘭克林企圖從概念上批判資本主義——即透過分析資本主義的內在控制與數位邏輯,進而抨擊資本主義的勞動異化與抽象化——但其對於控制與資本主義兩者在概念與歷史發展上的串聯是否得當,仍有待商榷。譬如說,控制究竟是跨歷史地作為資本主義的產物與生成邏輯,還是如德勒茲於〈後記〉中所言,有別於規訓與十八、十九世紀資本主義社會,因此專屬於二戰後的新自由主義。此外,資本主義中的勞動力抽象化,是否能如法蘭克林認為,簡單地等同於數位對資料的挑選、切割與排除,皆有待進一步討論。而這也表示,法蘭克林所謂的數位,究竟需狹義還是廣義理解,在書中常常是曖昧不明的。</span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">是法國理論還是美國理論</span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 有趣的是,陳春燕教授亦提到媒介理論思想家葛根的觀察:二十世紀於美國所發展的模控學,對後來法國結構主義與符號學思想家,如雅各森(Roman Jakobson)、羅蘭巴特、李維史陀等人有極為深遠的影響;換句話說,所謂的法國理論,某種程度上其實是種美國理論。然而,葛根的意思不是說,我們只需採取後結構對待結構主義的立場,把模控學看作已經過時而無須再談;相反的,我們需要思考的,是在當代數位情境中,古典模控學所採取的新面貌——即葛根所謂的「數位組配」(digital apparatuses)——並反思我們在如此歷史情境之中的可能出路,或是可能的回應之法。</span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">科技、文學與貝克特</span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 接著,陳春燕教授則將重點轉至《控制》的第四章,討論法蘭克林如何看待控制、數位與文學、尤其是與作家貝克特(Samuel Beckett)之間的關係。首先,陳春燕教授回顧法蘭克林處理「科技之於文化」或「科技之於貝克特」所用的詞彙,包含 determine、a priori(基特勒的立場)、precondition、express(與德勒茲相同)、parallel(最常出現)與 shape and shaped by 等,而陳春燕教授認為亦可以使用「體現」或英文的manifest:manifest所要表達的意涵與 express 最為接近,但同時去掉 express 所隱含的人為意識或意圖。換句話說,科技與文化的關係可看作是科技無意識地影響了文化與文學表現;甚至,從貝克特的作品可看到,文學想像不僅是與(電腦)科技互為表裡,更是後者發展的縮影。</span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 而陳春燕教授認為,法蘭克林對貝克特的閱讀,除了參考德勒茲 “The Exhausted” 一文與肯納(Hugh Kenner)等人的評論外,更重要的是加入了電腦發展史,把德勒茲讀貝克特所整理出來的語言一(Language I)、語言二(Language II)與語言三(Language III),對應到當代電腦科技的發展上。譬如說,根據德勒茲的說法,貝克特的語言一是用數列(enumeration)代替命題、用結合或組合(combination)取代傳統的句型結構;而其中組合運作的先決條件,在於將事物先分割至原子般的最小單位,再將事物形式化成數據與資料訊息。而法蘭克林認為,貝克特的小說《瓦特》(Watt)中充滿了 either/or 的事件路線選擇,與圖靈和夏儂所提出的數位概念十分相似,都強調任何事物皆可用開或關、on 或 off、或 0 或 1 等二元方式表達。</span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 語言二則與電腦程式語言相關,代表範例則是貝克特的劇本《終局》(Endgame)。電腦程式語言的特色在於執行指令,讓演算法轉換成動作,並產生實際的結果,剛好對應到劇本中,是由角色 Hamm 發號施令,並由 Clov 負責執行。然而,陳春燕教授也提到,法蘭克林其實對程式語言採取較為批判的立場,並在書中引用基特勒的說法,認為電腦軟體是隱藏了人(如程式設計師)對使用者的控制,甚至讓後者以為電腦軟體是的運作是去人化且客觀的。另一方面,語言二則呼應電腦圖像化的過程,即電腦使用者無需再和電腦程式語言(如 DOS 作業系統)直接打交道,而是改以圖像媒介(如 Windows 視窗介面——而陳春燕教授說,這即是類比)來操作電腦。值得注意的,是引用或翻譯上意外的插曲。德勒茲論貝克特語言二的英文版裡,曾用到 blendable flows 一詞,但法蘭克林引用時,卻是寫 bendable 一字;陳春燕教授探查德勒茲原文之後,表示德勒茲所用的法文和英文的 exchangeable 一字相似,而 exchangeable 卻又與法蘭克林的 bendable 意思上較為相近。</span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 此外,陳春燕教授也說明,對德勒茲來說,如果語言一和命名相關,代表的媒介是小說,語言二和聲音有關,代表的媒介是廣播,那麼語言三則為一種影像的語言,代表的媒介則是電視,而貝克特相關代表作品則是劇本 Quad,對應的電腦發展則是圖像介面的出現。對法蘭克林來說,電腦影像化的結果,是電腦邏輯運算受到了隱藏,彷彿電腦的 input 與 output 是同步發生;而陳春燕教授則說,這也正是她對於數位科技最大批評之處:遮蓋電腦邏輯與程式運算的結果,是讓人誤以為數位本身是無媒介(nonmediacy 或 immediacy)。然而,陳春燕教授亦說,貝克特的高明之處,就在於其作品佈滿雜訊,讓電腦與數位運作產生短路,進而暴露其媒介特性與運作事實;或許正基於此,法蘭克林認為對抗數位的可能,不在於完全的逃脫出數位及其控制,而是彰顯生命本身的不確定,無法完全為數位所掌控。</span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 而結論的部分,陳春燕教授則重申其對數位的立場:面對數位,我們無須只能回到類比,或是以法蘭克林的方式,透過短路或不確定進行較消極地抵抗。事實上,我們可以試著從數位之中——像是最小單位的概念——找到不那麼受困於數位控制天羅地網的可能,轉而以更有創意、開放性的方式理解、使用數位,使數位本身成為對抗數位的武器。</span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: "times new roman", times, serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: "times new roman", times, serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">◆ 討論時間</span></span></span></span></span></h2>
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<div class="txtNew" data-min-height="795" data-packed="false" id="comp-k480xmyl" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; grid-area: 8 / 1 / 9 / 2; left: 153px; margin: 0px 0px 10px calc((100% - 980px) * 0.5); min-height: 795px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; place-self: start; pointer-events: none; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 662px;">
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 楊志偉提到,音樂本身即是以某種最小單位概念所組成的事物;而這些最小單位雖然記載著某種音的準確位置,但實際的音樂表演上,可以是既溢出又符合樂譜的記號,既是包含一定雜訊卻又非呈現噪音,或許可以看做某種創造性的數位延伸或使用。陳春燕教授則回應,如果我們可以更具創造性、開放性的方式看待數位與其譬喻性,我們其實無須再回到類比或是追求雜訊,譬如說,我們無須把無譜的音樂看做是比有譜的音樂更為高深;甚至,基特勒代表作《話語網絡 1800/1900》(<i>Discourse Networks 1800/1900</i>)一書標題「話語網路」的德文原文 Aufschreibesysteme 中的 aufschreiben 就有記號一義,與樂譜 notation 相關;而譜本身的確具有一定的自由度,而非只是單純的壓制或控制音樂表演。</span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 李育霖教授則說,如果我們在控制社會或數位時代要以 modulation 對抗 modulation,那麼似乎 modulation 成了某種 post-code modulation;同時,德勒茲在《論培根》一書中描述類比美學時,也使用 modulation 一詞,而雖然德勒茲把繪畫看作是類比藝術,但實際上點描法、立體派等藝術形式,也非純粹的類比,而是有數位性質,因此我們對於類比與數位的關係似乎可有不同的理解。同時,李育霖教授也問到,我們應該如何理解類比音響與數位音響此類技術物質層次上的差異。</span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 陳春燕教授則回應,她所提到的羅蘭巴特等人在使用數位與類比概念時,比較是 commonsensical 的,而無涉及如音響的技術物質層面,如羅蘭巴特與德勒茲所謂的數位,取的即是code相關意思;此外,德勒茲的《論培根》與〈後記〉兩者出版的時間不同(分為 1981 與 1990 年),因此 modulation 一字在德勒茲的論述中的確可能有不同的意思。此外,陳春燕教授也說,我們其實也不一定要大塊、大塊的區分類比與數位藝術;譬如說,羅蘭巴特雖然說影像是類比、語言是數位,但卻又說攝影是例外。</span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 涂銘宏教授則回應,德勒茲雖然在《論培根》與〈後記〉論數位用皆 numerical 一字,但於〈後記〉所用的 numerical,其實可能已包含後來數位或 digital 的概念。至於音樂與音響重播的部分,其實無論是類比還是數位音響,其實都已經有「排除、重新序列」的「數位」思維,以及排除現場表演的雜音等作法。甚至,類比中有數位(如類比母帶的數位化再製黑膠)、數位中有類比(如校正軟體與濾波器),究竟是偏向類比還是數位,可能需要依照案例不同進行討論。</span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 與會的同學也問到,數位與數值、digital 與 numerical 兩者如果不全然相等,要如何區分兩者。陳春燕教授則回應,法國學界在使用 numerical 一字時,主要是包含數位化裡面的數值意義,而後來法國學界其實也開始使用 digital 一字;李育霖教授則補充,德勒茲所用的 numerical 一字,早期中文翻譯常譯成「數字化」。陳春燕教授也說,法蘭克林所談的 digital 或數位,主要強調資本主義對勞動或勞工的分割與分化,並援引葛根的觀點,認為我們可以區分不同時代的數位,如區分古典數位與二十一世紀的數位。而許多學者在談數位與類比的對立時,他們所謂的數位還是比較接近古典數位;然而,到了當代,我們應該有完全不同的數位問題,譬如說現在的大數據,已不再像貝克特語言三那樣被隱藏起來,而是赤裸地出現。同時,涂銘宏教授認為,我們現在應該再尋新的語彙與方法論。網路世界中的分身、分體等,已呈現出我們在當代已有完全不同的數位存在、生活或互動方式,隱含當下抵抗數位宰制的可能。</span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(原文刊載於中華民國比較文學學會電子報第 32 期 <a href="https://claroc100.wixsite.com/newsletter32/9">https://claroc100.wixsite.com/newsletter32/9</a>)</span></div>
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Alice Ming-fang Chenghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08025697371365187143noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146317341119107296.post-47203231605120613162020-05-12T17:30:00.000-07:002020-05-12T21:50:09.670-07:00媒介(Mediation)研讀班 第八場:數位主體與文本身體的「媒介間際」 活動側記<div class="txtNew" data-min-height="201" data-packed="false" id="comp-k1kjaziq" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; grid-area: 3 / 1 / 4 / 2; left: 159px; margin: 0px 0px 7px calc((100% - 980px) * 0.5); min-height: 201px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; place-self: start; pointer-events: none; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 662px;">
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">文本:<span style="background-position: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: "times new roman" , "times" , serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">N. Katherine Hayles, <i>My Mother Was a Computer: Digital Subjects and Literary Texts</i>. 2005.</span> (Chapter 2, 7)</span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">主講人:蘇秋華(東吳大學英文學系副教授)</span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">主持人/與談人:楊乃女(國立高雄師範大學英語學系副教授)</span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">時間:<span style="background-position: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: "times new roman" , "times" , serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">108</span>年<span style="background-position: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: "times new roman" , "times" , serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">8</span>月<span style="background-position: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: "times new roman" , "times" , serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">17</span>日(週六)</span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">地點:國立臺灣大學校史館一樓外文系會議室</span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">主辦單位:中華民國比較文學學會、科技部人文社會科學研究中心</span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">引言</span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 八月的研讀班是由東吳英文系蘇秋華老師導讀海爾斯(<span style="background-position: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: "times new roman" , "times" , serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Katherine Hayles)的《我的母親是電腦》(<i>My Mother Was a Computer</i>)。海爾斯自從《後人類時代》(<i>How We Became Posthuman</i>)就提出有別於機械控制論(cybernetics)的看法。一般認為資訊時代中,主體可以不再受限於身體,成為一個去體化的主體(disembodied subject),海爾斯指出這不但是個過度樂觀的想像,而且也承接了傳統人文主義中的心物二元論。她認為無論如何還是要回到即身性(Embodiment)的概念,思考在資訊科技中主體的物質基礎。蘇老師認為,海爾斯在《我的母親是電腦》裡討論的是更基進的事情。她提出,人文研究中一直在談的主體是以語言為基礎,而在資訊時代裡,必須要正視的是電腦編碼(Code)和語言互相滲透的現象,所以此次讀書會的焦點放在這本書第二章和第七章。</span></span></div>
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<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 蘇老師先說明這本書的標題《我的母親是電腦》其實是海爾斯所玩的文字遊戲,她認為傳統人文主義預設人的基礎是所謂的大地之母<span style="background-position: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: "times new roman" , "times" , serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(Mother Nature),大概是從浪漫主義開始的設想,不過到了二十世紀,大地之母就被寰宇電腦(Universal computer)所取代,大地之母就成為電腦母版(Motherboard)。這本書就是以這樣的概念出發,去思考網路時代人們在面對電腦螢幕時,儘管閱讀和輸入的都是人腦可以辨識的文字,然而電腦是複雜的介面,圖像或文字的背後其實是一連串只有電腦看得懂的編碼。也就是說,我們每按一次鍵盤,或每點一次滑鼠,都涉及非常複雜的技術無意識,或文字與編碼的互為媒連性(Intermediation),如果人類的意識是以類比方式運作,那麼人類在使用鍵盤上網,考慮是的則類比和數位技術之間如何媒連(Mediate)的問題。</span></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-position: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: "times new roman" , "times" , serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">第二章:口說、書寫、編碼<span style="background-position: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: "times new roman" , "times" , serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(Chapter 2: Speech, Writing, and Code)</span></span></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 海爾斯認為身在計算機政體<span style="background-position: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: "times new roman" , "times" , serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(Regime of Computation)下,並沒有辦法用絕對的方式來區分電子文本/紙本,數位/類比,在日常生活大部分的狀況下,數位和類比是並存的。這樣的並存,就會牽涉到互為媒連性的機制。為了能更細緻處理數位和類比的互為媒聯性,她分別從索緒爾(Saussure)、德希達(Derrida),以及當代數位編碼之理論家的觀點,來想像口說、書寫和編碼的三種世界觀。索緒爾對語音的想像是以某種理想型為標準,在此理想型之外的特殊口音或方言則被排除在外,因此海爾斯指出索緒爾語言學有一種去物質化的傾向。不過,將變異值略去不計的方法,卻又跟電腦主機版中對電流的詮/譯十分接近。在電晶體邏輯中,0 伏特代表值為 0,5 伏特則為 1。因為電晶體會直接把介於 0 到 5 伏特中間的數值略過不計,海爾斯認為這和索緒爾略過各種口音的方法很接近。但編碼卻完全不是去物質化的。剛好相反,電流與主機版之間的關係有著強烈物質基礎的聯結,突顯了編碼的物質性限制。海爾斯並進一步提出從編碼到自然語言的階級結構,愈上層是電腦與人介面的語言,程式語言則是工程師用來和電腦溝通的語言,最下層則是可簡化為 0/1 的電腦編碼。</span></span></div>
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<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-position: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: "times new roman" , "times" , serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 接下來海爾斯處理德希達在《論文字》(<i>Of Grammatology</i>)中對書寫的討論,比較書寫和口說的差異。她認為時間的縱深是兩者間最大的差別,當索緒爾強調表義鏈中字與字之間的差異時,暗示的是水平的共時結構(Synchronic),而德希達所強調的延異(différance)則是加入時間的向度。德希達喜歡強調意義的不確定性,文本會在不同的時空脈絡下產生新的詮釋。然而這種岐義性剛好是編碼所必須避免的。</span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-position: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: "times new roman" , "times" , serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 此外海爾斯也觀察到,編碼作為一種語言,其特殊之處在於其絕對的執行性。她認為日常使用的語言,即便具有某種展演性(performativity),也不一定能實現,人類不一定能說到做到,也時常心口不一。然而對電腦來說,一旦接收到能辨視的編碼,就一定會執行。蘇老師認為這段話突顯了機器的非人性(Inhumanitiy),或者說是一種非人的能動性。機器一定會照著編碼而行動,雖然編碼是人寫出來的,但只要進入機器,而且被機器認定是</span>有效指令,就會去執行,在機器認定為有效編碼的部份,就已剝奪掉人類工程師的權力,而強制執行編碼所賦予的任務則為電腦帶來某種能動性。</span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 在編碼的世界觀中,海爾斯認為必須重視的是從編碼到語言的階級結構,在螢幕上的電子文本之虛擬性(<span style="background-position: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: "times new roman" , "times" , serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Virtuality)除了透過文字和圖片之外,會因為文本之間的超連結而變得複雜,這樣的複雜度是最上層,一直往下則是二元編碼的蠻荒素簡(Brute simplicity of binary code)。更特別的是,在這樣的階級結構裡,編碼會玩一種躲貓貓的遊戲,例如某些物件導向式的語言(Object-Oriented language),像是Python、C++、Java等,會把某些資訊或程式碼先打包成一個物件,也就是類似機器的概念,可進行簡單的運作,但拆開來看就是更基本的程式碼,整個程式語言就是這樣一層一層,有些部份被打包成一個單位,有些則是按需要去寫。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-position: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: "times new roman" , "times" , serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 從人文學者的立場來看,海爾斯認為這樣的躲貓貓為編碼帶來某種美感。整個計算機政權下的隱/現動能,隱約也揭露了,在所謂真實的層層掩蓋之下,不過就是一系列的編碼。編碼就好比整個自然的共通語(Lingua Franca),而口說和書寫則是是演化過程的產物。</span></div>
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<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">第七章:〔揭下〕能動者的面具<span style="background-position: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: "times new roman" , "times" , serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(Chapter 7: (Un)Masking the Agent)</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 海爾斯在《我的母親是電腦》裡談了很多資訊技術的細節,但她的方法還是從語言的觀點出發。後結構主義者相信主體是語言所建構出來的,在資訊科技時代中語言和編碼可能不只是互相滲透,而是語言的最底層可能就是二元編碼的結構,我們要怎麼思考主體性的問題?在本書第七章當中,她指出不是只有電腦科學家相信人類意識是被計算性機制所滲透,人文學門重視的哲學家有不少也提出類似的看法。在本章中她分別從德勒茲與瓜達里,以及拉岡的精神分析來說明機器在人當<span style="background-position: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: "times new roman" , "times" , serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">中(machine within the human)的概念。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-position: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: "times new roman" , "times" , serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 海爾斯討論的是德與瓜在《千高原》裡提到的「細胞自動機」(Cellular automata)的概念,這概念主要是說明細胞像就一個自動機,而且只會跟鄰近的細胞一起作用,不過德與瓜把它擴大解譯成去畛域化和重新畛域化的作用。若把存有化約到分子的層次,似乎就可能想像人是具有計算功能的媒介,或是有生物特徵的機器。而生命體不外乎是聚合體(Assemblage),瞬息即逝的動作(Movement)或表達(Expression)。</span></div>
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<span style="background-position: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: "times new roman" , "times" , serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 根據海爾斯近年對植物後人類研究的興趣,蘇老師指出德和瓜的細胞自動機概念,很可能源自二十世紀初的印度植物學家柏斯(Jagadis Chandra Bose)的影響。柏斯在二十世紀初以電磁學為基礎,做了一系列植物感知能力的研究。他很早就提出存在的層次要化約到最小的細胞分子,而且每一個分子就是一個小的機器的概念。</span></div>
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<span style="background-position: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: "times new roman" , "times" , serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 與德及瓜呼應的是拉岡的無意識概念,海爾斯認為圖靈機器是拉岡用來對佛洛依德進行深度改造的關鍵。圖靈機器的構造是一個可讀寫的頭,一卷膠卷,以及運作規則的指令,海爾斯認為認為拉岡所發展的無意識是借用了圖靈機器的架構。在拉岡的體系中,語言本身就是無意識的機械運作的起點,也因為有這樣的運作,才出現了更高層次的意識。這樣的談法會跟早先佛洛依德接近生物性的講法很不一樣,拉岡的驅力(Drive)不像佛洛依德一直回歸到原欲,而是接近一種機械性的不斷迴轉的動力,這種機械性的運作,會避開生/非生(Living/Nonliving)的二元對立,進入到機械智能/意識(Mechanic Intelligence/conscious awareness)層次的區分。從這個角度來看的話人工智能算不算得上生命就不是問題,因為生命不見得是用蛋白質所構成的。簡單來說,海爾斯從德與瓜,亦或是拉岡,想說明的都是一個概念,人類認知「早已總是」(Always already)和機械運作互相滲透。</span></div>
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<span style="background-position: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: "times new roman" , "times" , serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 《我的母親是電腦》的最後,海爾斯定義了數位主體(Digital Subject)和類比主體(Analog subject):「類比主體暗示了一種內裡性模式的深度、表與裡之間的相似關係,以確保意義就在深度裡,以及一種在印刷文化的類比技術中所被具體例證,甚至呈像出來的心/靈的相依。而數位主體則暗示了一種從階級性編碼層級所生發的複雜性,破碎與重組的動能,以及一種在計算機文化的數位技術中所被具體例證及呈像的表/裡斷裂」(203)。不過海爾斯也提醒讀者,在現實的情況中,並沒有真正數位主體與類比主體的二分,比較合乎實際情況的是一種夾心餅乾的結構(Oreo Structure)。</span></div>
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<span style="background-position: 0px 0px; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-position: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: "times new roman" , "times" , serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">◆ 討論時間</span></span></span></span></span></h2>
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<div class="txtNew" data-min-height="362" data-packed="false" id="comp-k480xmyl" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border: 0px; left: 159px; margin: 0px 0px 55px; min-height: 362px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 662px;">
<div class="font_8" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-position: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: "times new roman" , "times" , serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> Q1:海爾斯認為編碼是一種絕對會被執行的語言,這樣的認知似乎與實際的狀狀有所出入,程式工程師在寫程式時,有時會留下一些「註解」,這些註解不會被執行,有時只是工程師自己想留下某些訊息而已。此外,海爾斯也過度簡化編碼的美學,事實上撰寫程式碼早已發展出獨特的程式美學,工程師們會評論一組程式碼是否寫得簡潔、寫得漂亮,就跟讀詩一樣。(發問者具資工背景)</span></div>
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<span style="background-position: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: "times new roman" , "times" , serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-position: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: "times new roman" , "times" , serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> A1:我們每天在學習新的事物,非常感謝也歡迎科學學者加入這樣的討論。海爾斯是文學教授,而且算是非常有誠意進行人文與科技對話的學者,她的著作是作為一名人文學者嘗試回應當今資訊技術的努力,或許在某些地方並不合乎科學家們的日常,但這樣的對話是必須被帶動,且必須是雙方面共同參與的。</span></div>
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<span style="background-position: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: "times new roman" , "times" , serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-position: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: "times new roman" , "times" , serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> Q2:海爾斯提到,人腦以類比的方式運作,而電腦則將一切數位化,書中提到的數位模擬生物進化動畫的例子,海爾斯認為觀看者會不由自主加上敘事,這是人腦將世界類比化的結果,而同時電腦中的數位生物也會將觀者數位化,這是一個回饋迴路(Feedback Loop)。但我不太能理解數位生物如何將人數位化,可否進一步說明?</span></div>
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<span style="background-position: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: "times new roman" , "times" , serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div>
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<span style="background-position: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: "times new roman" , "times" , serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> A2:海爾斯在書中的說法並不是很清楚,也沒有說服我。但我嘗試去理解人類的生命也被數位化的過程,可能的解釋是人的細胞就是基因的機器,我們的染色體本身就是編碼。</span></div>
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<span style="background-position: 0px 0px; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: times new roman, times, serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(原文刊載於中華民國比較文學學會電子報第 31 期 <br /><a href="https://claroc100.wixsite.com/newsletter31/8">https://claroc100.wixsite.com/newsletter31/8</a>)</span></div>
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Alice Ming-fang Chenghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08025697371365187143noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146317341119107296.post-12809391012901732020-05-12T16:00:00.000-07:002020-05-12T02:54:01.768-07:00媒介(Mediation)研讀班 場次總表公告獲科技部人社中心經費補助之媒介(Mediation)研讀班共12場,將於108年1月26日—108年12月21日間舉行。每場研讀班活動資訊請參閱以下所附的總場次表或該場次活動頁面,歡迎踴躍報名參加!<br />
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總表PDF檔下載連結:<a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/11_yf4L9lLoytsX3cUiVMXbnCy3ia9SsA/view?usp=sharing">https://drive.google.com/file/d/11_yf4L9lLoytsX3cUiVMXbnCy3ia9SsA/view?usp=sharing</a><br />
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Alice Ming-fang Chenghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08025697371365187143noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146317341119107296.post-70442153037596164872019-11-24T02:52:00.003-08:002019-11-24T02:52:36.023-08:00媒介(Mediation)研讀班 第十一場:「存世感性」的存取 活動紀錄<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Alice Ming-fang Chenghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08025697371365187143noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146317341119107296.post-55796626871236281162019-11-24T01:43:00.000-08:002020-05-12T21:47:16.261-07:00媒介(Mediation)研讀班 第七場:「進托邦」、異種智慧與後人類 活動側記<div class="txtNew" data-packed="true" id="comp-k1owepa2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-size: 10px; grid-area: 3 / 1 / 4 / 2; left: 161px; margin: 0px 0px 15px calc((100% - 980px) * 0.5); outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; place-self: start; pointer-events: none; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 660px;">
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">文本:Kevin Kelly, <i>The Inevitable: Understanding the 12 Technological Forces that Will Shape Our Future</i>, 2016. (Chapter 4, 10)</span></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">主講人:楊乃女(國立高雄師範大學英語學系副教授)</span></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">主持人/與談人:蘇秋華(東吳大學英文學系副教授)</span></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">時間:108 年 7 月 18 日(週四)</span></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">地點:國立高雄師範大學文學大樓 3204 教室</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">主辦單位:中華民國比較文學協會、科技部人文社會科學研究中心</span></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">側記:莊喭中</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">AI 人工智慧、高科技趨勢及後人類議題一直是楊乃女教授致力研究的重心。楊教授認為,目前眾多的理論尚無法更精確及更深層地觀察這三大議題的趨勢,因此便開始大量閱讀科普書籍來探討其議題。今天在這場研讀班主要探討的文本為美國知名科普作家 Kevin Kelly 於 2016 年出版的科普著作 <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The Inevitable: Understanding the 12 Technological Forces That Will Shape Our Future</span>。Kevin Kelly,常被暱稱為KK,是 <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Wired Magazine </span>第一任主編,其最著名的著作為 1994 年出版的 <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Out of Control: The New Biology of Machines, Social Systems, and the Economic World</span>,在台灣譯名為《釋控》,在中國則譯名為《失控》。在這本著作中,Kelly 認為人類的智慧其實與動物界及其他生態體系呈現高度正相關,人類現今發明的各種科技產品都可以在各種生物的身上找到相對應的元素與技術。Kelly 最新出版的著作 <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The Inevitable</span>,中文譯名為《必然》,則是介紹當代科技的趨勢與科技如何影響人類的行為、思緒與未來的發展。《必然》一書中最關鍵的概念即「高度發展的科技會引領我們人類進入一個永無止境流動的世界」。誠如 Kelly 所言:「我們即將離開固定的名詞世界,踏入流動的動詞世界。在無形體的數位世界裡,沒有靜態或固定的東西;所有的事物都在形成其他的事物」(29)。因此,他在《必然》的目錄中運用 12 個動名詞來作為每章節的開頭,分別為 Becoming, Cognifying, Flowing, Screening, Accessing, Sharing, Filtering, Remixing, Interacting, Tracking, Questioning, Beginning。其中,在最後一章節 Beginning,作者指出,我們人類已經進入一個人與機器即將形成完形整體的狀態,而如此密不可分的完形整體正表徵著人類邁向一個嶄新未來的開始。</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">「進托邦」(Protopia)與 X-topia</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> Kelly 在書中陳列出他對當今科技展望的各種樂觀議論,並創造「進托邦」(Protopia)一新詞彙,意在探討科技引領全人類的進步與發展。Protopia 一詞,以字源學上來說,其中的 topia 為希臘字元,意指地方;而字首 pro 則取自於 progress,也就是進步之意。楊教授認為作者的態度過度樂觀,因此也自行創作另一新詞彙「X-topia」。X 意表無法輕易預測──人類無法預知科技將會帶來如何樣貌的未來。藉由「X-topia」,楊教授旨在與 Kelly 提出的 Protopia 進行雙向對話與辯論,同時並引用其他書目的觀點,來針砭 Kelly 議論的不足之處,制衡 Kelly 對於科技發展保持過度樂觀的態度與言論,更進一步省思科技的隱憂,達到更深層批判與觀察。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> Kelly 的「進托邦」更精準與詳細的定義為「一種成形的狀態,不是目的地, 而是一種過程」(37)。楊教授認為,倘若我們把進托邦的概念放在烏托邦文學的脈絡來看,其定義也有諸多雷同之處,因為烏托邦(utopia)的概念,在進入到 20 世紀以後,就有許多的學者企圖要翻新這個傳統不變的概念。最早於西元 1565 年,英國思想家湯瑪斯.摩爾(Thomas More)撰寫的《烏托邦》中,烏托邦即被定義為一個固定的社會型態。假若我們去想像一個美好的世界,那麼該美好的世界就會變成一個停滯的一攤死水,不會流動。基於此,很多學者議論烏托邦應該是一個動態的過程,為「可變動性」保留一個彈性的空間。</span></span></div>
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<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> 烏托邦文學中的烏托邦概念,是一個廣義的詞彙用來勾勒出未來理想社會的美好想像,而 Kelly 的「進托邦」,特別是指涉高科技發展的社會與未來想像。依照 Kelly 的觀察,「網路革命的核心是一種新的參與方式,以共享為基礎」(45),整個人類的社會型態,因為科技與網路的發達,逐漸邁向以「共享」為基礎的流動世界。我們會發現,我們肉體身存的實體世界和接觸的虛擬網路,諸如臉書與 Google,其本體的架構為「共享」,在龐大的架構間還仰賴著「超連結」,將坐落於不同空間的個體串聯起來,形成一個嶄新的世界與思維模式。Kelly 言:「超連結造就的共享方式,現在創造出一種新型的思路──半人半機器──在地球上或歷史上皆是前所未有」(45)。對於半人半機器的出現,Kelly 甚至讚嘆這是一種「美麗新世界」。「美麗新世界」一詞來自於西元 1932 年英國作家赫胥黎(Huxley)撰寫的反烏托邦作品 <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Brave New World</span>。赫胥黎嚴厲批判看似文明的科技社會所帶來的詭異人類發展型態。由此可知,在傳統的文學脈絡中,科技的發展與文明的進步本該是具有「反烏托邦」的概念,然而在 Kelly 的眼中,我們所處的半人半機器社會卻是一個無庸置疑、正向光明的美麗新世界。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">異種智慧 (Alien Intelligence)</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> 依據 Kelly 觀察,促成「進托邦」的關鍵因子為異種智慧。異種智慧在《必然》一書裡,其英文原文為 Alien Intelligence,在中文版譯文中為「外星人智慧」,但楊教授認為,翻譯作「異種智慧」更貼近 Kelly 所要表達的原意。人類當今發明各種演算法和機器大數據,整個思維模式超脫人類的既定肉體智慧,是跟人類不一樣的、非人的智慧,所以稱之為異種;而該智慧並不是來自於異世界或外太空,是被人類本身的智慧造就,因此以「外星人」來形容該智慧有失妥當。此外,楊教授認為 Kelly 特別用異種智慧(Alien Intelligence)來描述現今常用的人工智慧(Artificial Intelligence),可能暗示著他相信宇宙中有外星人的存在,也許亦同時相信,人類將會因為科技的日新月異而達到與外星人溝通的境界。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> Kelly 尚指出,該異種智慧對於人類的生活蘊含偌大的益處。他認為異種智慧的思考方式和人類是迥異的,因為其智慧的迴路與建構是脫離肉體,並建立在 科學運作與複雜的演算體系上,與人類有限的肉體大腦運作相比,更為高階、更有效率。這種新型心智的準則,預示的是一種更新的學習與進步,勢必會改變人類以往既定的行為模式與思維型態。Kelly 還進一步表示,「人工智慧的到來,最大的利益在於人工智慧能幫我們定義人性,我們要靠人工智慧來指名我們的身分」(77)。該論述與後人類的概念相似,藉由異種智慧,人類可以回過頭來定義與審視人文與人性,指認人類的本質與境況,更藉由高端科技來彌補人類先天的不足,加強人類的能力;同時卻也明白地定義與指出人類本身不可否認的侷限與缺陷。</span></span></div>
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<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> 異種智慧重新定義了人文、人性與人類,同時也翻新了人類既有的生存環境。異種智慧讓人類的社會與生活從原有的名詞狀態,「液態化」成了動詞狀態;原來固有的有形事物全變成了動態服務,全融合於川流不息的數據大海中,整座世界在數據串流裡載浮載沉。偌大流動的串流中,尚還漂浮著世界所有細節的副本,世界所有事物全變成了底稿,網際網路科技則是成了世界最大的影印機,不停地複印著原著與底稿,人們便是在底稿與無限副本間,穿梭與閃爍,更是無形中成為數位經濟體的貢獻者與無償勞工,讓數位媒體與網際網絡更加蓬勃發展。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">屏讀 (Screening)</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> 網際網路的興盛改變了原有人類認識與解讀世界的媒介與方式,從舊有的閱讀紙本書籍,變成螢屏閱讀,又簡稱為屏讀(screening)。Kelly 認為,「我們從書本的子民變成螢幕的子民。在這個新的世界裡,快速移動的程式碼──例如電腦程式碼的更新版本──比固定的法律更重要」(118)。書本發展出來的思考方式是直線式的,法律就是從如此的書本型態而發展出來的一種產品,然而,由於網際網路與科技,我們現在的時代是螢幕螢屏的大時代,所以現在的思維方式便會產生變化,與原來紙本閱讀的思考性質迥異,不再是僵直、固定不動的單一直線式,而轉向了跳躍性思考、不同方向性思考、互相連結與更具多元性。Kelly 尚觀察出,儘管書本的子民已漸漸變成螢幕的子民,書本的閱讀頻率也漸漸低於螢幕的閱讀頻率,但人們的書寫與閱讀卻比書本的時代更大為提升。「螢幕越來越多,繼續擴展讀寫的總量。過去二十年來,美國的識字率沒有多大改變,但有閱讀能力的人,讀寫的內容變多了」(119)。過去沒有網路、電腦、平板與手機的時代,人們書寫的時間並不多,但有了螢屏的出現,人們便開始在社群網路上,自主發表文章與書寫文字記錄人生與見聞,螢幕的產生促進了人類讀寫的機會與能力。</span></span></div>
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<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> 雖然數據串流、液態化、螢屏與屏讀,貌似將人類從單一直線性的封閉思考桎梏中解放,螢幕的子民也沒有享有無限的自由。螢幕的展演與操作仍無法偏離人類意識形態的操控,螢幕所展現出來的閱讀資訊與畫面可以暗中刻意引導與監 控,將閱讀者推向特定發展的方向,來達到某種意識形態上的目的與特定利益。Kelly 也隱憂,「儘管字詞再度興起,書本的子民仍有理由畏懼,書本這個文化基準很快就要消失了,接著傳統的書寫也會失傳。果真如此,誰能遵守閱讀激發出的線性理性?」(120)。但楊教授質疑,為什麼書本一定是有如 Kelly 所號稱的線性理性?楊教授認為,從 Kelly 的論點來看,確實比較值得思考的是,媒介的不同必定會影響人類思考的方式。以前人們所從事的閱讀是一個孤獨個體單一的行為,但在網路時代的背景下,閱讀便形成了一種聚合聚集的行為,有了螢幕,讀者在四處皆可以共同閱讀,共同分享,共同交流,不再孤獨與單一。而正因為紙本書籍的液態化與數位化,所有的書籍同知識內容,可以簡單地形成一種無止盡的串聯,累積成一座龐大智慧體。Kelly 預言,「接下來的 30 年內,學者和書迷在電腦演算法的協助下,會把全世界的書織成一部網路化的文學」(130),任何的書籍不再是單一的分離個體,任何想法與知識互相連結,無法獨立存在。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">數位社會主義</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> 在 Kelly 眼中,如此美好的液態化數位網路世界,可以將人類的社會體系造就成一個數位社會主義。由於網際網路的分享與共享,世界的萬物便不再專屬於某個單一個體的所有權,「網際網路的數位平台形成獨特的生態系統,平台之中只有使用權,而沒有所有權」(157)。然而,Kelly 也承認他所創造的數位社會主義用詞恐有失分寸,他只是企圖去凸顯出共享的益處,強調人類藉由網際網路來分享與協力製作的整個動態過程。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> Kelly 還認為,數位社會主義最大的好處是去中心化,它可以提升個人自治權,是破除極權的因子。他指出,「我們集合的地方不再是集體農場,而是集體世界」(171),在這個集體世界中,由於人們藉由數位網絡的串流來彼此串聯,極權統治將會消失殆盡,無法橫行。畢竟人們可以透過網路平台與媒體去集結社會行動,來昇華新型社會運動合作方式,加速社運的速度與效率,號召彼此不認識的陌生人來團結力量,抗議社會的不公平與推翻極權。鑒於此,社群的平台便可以視作一個新形態的政體,Kelly 也認為,「如果臉書是一個國家,會變成世界上最大的國家」(178),人們在社群政體尚互相交流商討、針砭時事與對抗腐敗政府來改善所處社會的窘況。這樣的數位社會主義、政治與經濟,本質是仰賴著每個人的主動與無私的貢獻。但楊教授認為該觀點仍有爭議之處,集權的政府還是可以無所不用其極去達到極權的統治與維持既定的意識形態。</span></span></div>
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<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> 然而,數位社會主義也存在著隱私、剽竊、漠視智慧財產權的隱憂。因為共享的特性,未來的世界將不再重視所有權的重要性,所有的東西都可以藉由電腦科技網路來進行租借與享有,甚至是流落於無條件的複印與濫用。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">矛盾的共享:共享+過濾</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> 從 Kelly 創造的詞彙──「數位社會主義」的信仰中,可以看到作者對於數位時代的共享特徵抱持樂觀的態度。楊教授對於共享卻持著保留與憂心的看法,認為當個體需要進行「過濾」的時候就是矛盾的共享態度。所謂的過濾,是指由於網際網路上的資訊太過於龐雜,人們必須借助於過濾器才可以簡易找出個人喜歡的事物,迅速探詢出標的物,並藉由數位的演算加以推薦某種特定的資訊以逢迎搜尋者的興趣與需求。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> 依據「過濾」的屬性與功能,Kelly 杜撰出另一新名詞,即「全量自我」(Universal You)。該名稱指涉作者所想像的新型高科技產品,依客製化的需求來進行篩選資訊與過濾標準的客製化軟體。Kelly 認為,在未來,該軟體產品可以權衡個人的喜惡與生活習慣,更加快速地滿足個人無止盡的慾望,以及準確預測與推薦未來個體行為模式與選擇。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> 但誠如楊教授對於 Kelly 數位社會主義的質疑,過濾雖然對於人類的生活有某種程度上的必要性,但過濾仍然無法像「共享」一樣,完全去中心化。數位網絡與演算法仍無法脫離人為幕後的意識形態,人們尚暴露於意識形態操控的危險中,特定的引導行為與思辨仍可能會被「過濾」與「共享」暗中操控。如此一來,過濾便不再是過濾,共享也不再是共享,會邁向單一的恐怖集權與弊端,更無法去中心化。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">數位自我與量化自我</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> 數位網路科技的存在,讓人類的自我開始經歷「量化」的過程,我們的身體已經進入了一種身體、記憶、健康狀況、行為模式、思維型態與每個細節部位都必須要被量化才能更加認識自我與世界的情境。Kelly 言:「我們不了解自己,只能尋求可能的助力來認識自己」(275)。而該可能的助力即異種智慧所造就的數位網路科技。我們藉由所謂的數位魔法與科技產品諸如電子溫度器、心律監測器、動作追蹤器、腦波偵測器,來更密集地監控與縝密地檢視自我、量化自我,而得出一個科學的陳述與數據的證明。我們的身體,因為數位數據與量化的解剖,便產生了特定專屬於自我身體的密碼來建構自我的數位身分與自我辨識。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> 美國《連線》雜誌主編 Gary Wolf 在 2007 年即提出量化自我(Quantified Self)的概念,認為我們現在運用各種生物統計的數據與科學來建構一個如何認識自己的方法。楊教授議論,當我們藉由各式各樣的儀器來監視自己的器官與內部狀態,我們身體大大小小的部分進而變成了無數的他者,那麼如此無數的他者,還能充分地證明自己的身體仍然還是自己的身體嗎?</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> Kelly 得出一個結論,正常的身體是虛構的。今天監控自己的心跳,於時空與條件上,跟明天所監控出來的數值是不會一樣的。身體會與每天的行動有不同的反應,會因為不同的時空背景而有不同監控的數據結果,因此我們在科學上所論述的正常其實只是一個平均的數值。如果要用平均的數值來定義一個人正常與否,反而會有問題與疑慮,畢竟不同個體的正常,必須由不同的正常數值來規範與定義。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> 於是,企圖定義自我是否符合正常的自我監控,則把自己的身體變成了實驗對象。在醫學實驗中,一般身體的實驗會以多個不同身體作為比較的對象,個體數的數目越多,結果上會越精準越客觀。在自我監控的實驗中,自我測量只有一個實驗對象,因為我的身體只有一個,來比較不同時間的自己,來觀察不同時間的單一身體的變化。然而自我測量過程中,實驗對象數值為 1,在醫學實證研究上並沒有意義可言,但在做自我監控上卻獨樹一格,顯得非常有意義與重要性,因為自己的身體只有一個。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> 自我監控的發展,刻劃出生命的串流,憑藉著自我追蹤身體各方面的狀態,擴及到生命全部的細節,來記載人腦時時刻刻的流水帳。人類把所有的生命歷程陳列於網路與螢屏中,網際網路自動且無意識記載人類生命的分毫,於是形成了綿密的數位之海,飄渺個體泛泛其浪間,海量訊息載浮載沉。而該數位之海,在科普作家 David Gelernter 和 Eric Freeman 的眼中則是一股股不允許遺忘的生命流,生命中的所有一切通通都藉由生命串流記錄下來,分毫不爽,人類即使想要忘卻也無法忘卻,變成了一種既見串流,吾心則盪的現象。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">螢幕的倫理與文學的倫理</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> 既然數位詳細記載著人類的生命串流,那麼藉由數位螢屏與傳統紙本閱讀人類的生命會有如何不一樣的閱讀倫理呢?楊教授引用美國作家 Nicholas Carr 於 2010 年發表的著作 <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The Shallows: What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains</span>,來探討螢幕倫理與文學倫理。Carr 認為,網路其實是一種會影響人類思考方式與大腦結構的科技產品,作者運用認知心理學的角度來剖析網路對人類的影響。Carr 列舉尼采的打字機為例,尼采因為視力逐漸衰弱,其友人介紹他可以嘗試使用打字機撰寫論文與進行思想寫作,後來有人發現尼采親手的書寫與打字機的書寫風格竟然不同。加拿大作家 Marshall McLuhan 也提出,媒介就是訊息。他認為我們的大腦結構是有彈性的,並非僵固不變。人類會因為各種不同媒體的刺激,其大腦結構也會有不同的調整,例如計程車司機空間感會因為腦部海馬體的後區變大而增強,但海馬體前區卻變小,導致其他能力變弱。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> Kelly 也曾經討論過紙本書籍的特性,其特性包含直線性思考、保持不變性、書頁固定性、版本固定性、物體固定性、完成固定性,因此人類無法輕易且隨時隨地進行改寫與編輯。Carr 認為,人類的書寫其實是被訓練出來的,書本是用來訓練人們做某種固定的思考。書本的閱讀並不是自然的行為,反而是違反自然生物的本能,因為人類在原初狀態,本就需要躲避危險和狩獵,來維持生存,不能心無旁鶩在特定某事物上面,需要隨時隨地保持警覺心來避免突如其來的猛獸與災害。但書本的發明卻要求人類逆其生物本能,企圖驅使人類沉浸於完全安靜與孤獨的個人閱讀歷程中,這創造出來的是一種「Top-down Control」,強迫人類本性要專一某一事務,而忘卻身旁動靜。雖然,書本的閱讀是違反大自然原則與生物本性,但閱讀對於人類的發展仍具有正向的作用。閱讀可以培養出深度思考與專心致志,而該專心致志的心態正是幫助人類可以詮釋知識與文本,進行更有意義的思考,Carr 對於此稱之為「文學腦」,而文學腦就是一個「文學的倫理」。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> 螢幕的誕生,造就科技化文字的出現與新的閱讀倫理,即螢幕的倫理。螢幕上的閱讀閃爍著科技文字,如同美國後人類文學評論家 Katherine Hayles 於 1999 年發表的著作 <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, and Informatics </span>中所提及的閃爍的文字(flickering),串流與數位大海中的訊息與文字在螢幕上變淺又變深,在人類如一泓清水的雙眸中閃爍著,浮現著,跳耀著。雖然人類在現今比起以往,花更多時間與心力在書寫與閱讀上,但現今的閱讀卻淪落於膚淺、表面、迅速,脫離以往的深沉思考。加拿大科幻小說作家 Cory Doctorow 稱這樣的轉變與現象是一種「ecosystem of interruption technologies」,人類發明的電腦創造出讓人類自己無法完全專心的生態體系,只鼓勵一直瀏覽與連結,卻近乎違背我們當初瀏覽訊息的原初目的與思考。鑒於此,Carr 相當擔憂文學腦恐怕會逝去。人類原先擁有的是可以進行深度思辨的大腦,將會變成一個雜耍者的大腦(the juggler’s brain),數位書籍打碎原來閱讀書本的直線性思考,而人類過去孤獨專心安靜的閱讀型態已經不復以往。我們在網路上變得只會淺度思考與瀏覽,只會盲從搜尋,無法深層辨識,一味享受膚淺如雜耍般的虛華資訊。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">線性與非線性的倫理</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> Kelly 在《必然》書中,對於書本與螢屏的特性與倫理指出,「書本的子民偏好用法律解決一切,而螢幕的子民則偏好用科技解決所有的問題」(118)。總體來說,書本及文學的倫理,是線性的,固定不變的,並且要求讀者專心致志的孤獨閱讀行為,講求僵固單一的所有權。而螢屏與螢幕倫理則與之呈現對比狀態,建構螢屏的數位網絡是流動的,液態化的,非線性的,講究集體智慧,打破單一所有權,與追求共享。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">黑鏡的省思</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> 研讀班的最後,楊教授藉由英國影集《黑鏡》(<i>Black Mirror</i>),帶領我們更清楚地去審視高科技會在人類人文倫理上帶來如何的負面影響。</span></span></div>
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<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> 於 2011 年,所播出的第一季第三集名為 <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The Entire History of You </span>的劇情中,完整體現出 Kelly 筆下的Universal You,倘若成真,人類的世界會變得如何的悲慘。劇情設定在一個高度科技化的社會,人們可以在自己的大腦附近裝置名為Grain的小晶片,眼睛戴上隨時可以錄影的鏡片,查看每日的錄影並且反覆播放。男主角懷疑女主角與過去的男同學有染,於是把太太與男同學交流的過程全程錄影,不停重播,企圖捕捉他們私通的蛛絲馬跡。當男主角怒不可遏地衝去男同學的家中理論,導演便把鏡頭帶到男主角的太太與男同學通姦的畫面,證實男主角的觀察與敏感不假。後來男主角認為記憶儲存器使他的人生變得更加悽慘,過度執著於生活不必要的記憶讓自己的生命停滯不前,反而更受挫,於是便用刀刃,親手將自己頸後的晶片血淋淋地拔除。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> 楊教授認為,這種生命串流相當可怖,因為生命串流中的事件,可以是虛擬事件,也可以是真實事件。生命串流顛覆真實與虛擬之間的界線,把所有的記憶上傳到雲端,變成影音日記。同時將驅力真實化,使人類不停回溯創傷經驗,而不斷讓自我受挫,造成停滯不前。一旦創傷經驗可以用影音紀錄,並且可以不斷去播放審視,那將會是一種破壞力強大的創傷迴圈,使人類永遠走不出傷痛與陰霾。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> 因此,楊教授懷疑,螢幕的子民是不是會進入「科技鏡像期」?螢幕的子民必須面對無時無刻都存在的數位之流所形成的鏡子。這個數位之流所構成的影像絕大多數不是虛擬,卻是真實。</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold;">引用書目</span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">凱文.凱利(Kevin Kelly):《必然:掌握形塑未來30年的12科技大趨力》,嚴麗娟譯,台北市:貓頭鷹,2017年。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Carr, Nicholas. The Shallows: What the Internet in Doing to Our Brains. W. W. Norton & Company, 2011.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #2a2a2a;">◆ Kelly 的去中心化和去結構化從 1994 年出版的 <i>Out of Control:The New Biology of Machines, Social Systems, and the Economic World</i> 便不斷地提及該概念在數位網絡時代的重要性。只是說這兩個概念在網路上可能會只是膚淺連結的現象。另外,Kelly 在最新的書籍中舉出的數位社會主義,讓人覺得非常理想,是不是書中還有列舉出其他的實際例子來體現數位社會主義?</span></div>
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<span style="color: #2a2a2a;"> 楊教授回應,書中並沒有特別舉出有關於數位社會主義的例子,Kelly 只有描述他看到的現象,及預測未來 12 個科技的發展。不過,我們可以從 Nicholas Carr 於 2010 年發表的著作 <i>The Shallows::What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains </i>中發現,他對於數位社會主義是抱持負面的態度。他以 Google 舉例,認為 Google 的共享數據資料庫反而形成一種單一的資訊壟斷,並且運用某種的科技與演算法讓某種特別的資訊隱藏或出現,反而更有失多元、共享、分享與透明。</span></div>
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<span style="color: #2a2a2a;">◆ Sci-Hub,是一個網路資料庫,免費大量提供原本需要花高額費用才能讀取的學術論文和文章,為窮苦研究生減輕研究成本的負擔。如此一個線上的共享資料庫網站,是否也體現出 Kelly 所言的數位社會主義。其次,網路上的搜尋引擎會過濾特定的資訊,來達到監控的效果。今年六月在韓國推出的劇集《請輸入檢索詞www》即探討網路搜尋與過濾的監控模式,劇情在探討現實中大家以為自己 在網路搜尋欄上所鍵入的標的詞彙符合自己需求的資訊,但其實搜尋引擎背後蘊藏的是龐大的意識形態與權力結構來左右我們的資訊需求與認知,反而扭曲了我們原初追尋知識的原意。另外,Kelly 探討這麼多網路現象,那網路作為一種現實世界的延伸,它到底是再製既有的社會結構還是鬆綁既有的社會結構?</span></div>
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<span style="color: #2a2a2a;"> 楊教授回應,當自己在進行搜尋某種資訊,鍵入特定詞彙時,只要輸入詞彙的開頭,電腦便會浮現出完整的關鍵字或是推薦關鍵字,某種程度上來說,這確實是個人化的展現,會把某種搜尋行為客製化、控制化。</span></div>
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<span style="color: #2a2a2a;"></span><span style="color: #2a2a2a;"> 關於網路是否是再製社會結構抑或是鬆綁,可以從兩個層次來觀看。第一個層次從硬體設備來看,個人財富上的區別決定他可以在網路與科技設備上擁有多少的資源來鞏固自己的社會地位與聲量。第二個層次,從軟體來觀看,跟科學演算法有關。我們會在網路上各式各樣的社群看到不同的文章、圖片、宣導與資訊,而這些出現的頻率往往受控於演算法的操作,人們會因為高頻率出現的資訊,而產生一種慣性或習慣去表現出特定的行為,而這可能跟科技助長或鞏固社會結構的結果有關。</span></div>
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<span style="color: #2a2a2a;">◆ Kelly在探討網路監控時,其概念跟傅柯的監控相似。其監控的概念,甚至可以運用在社群媒體上,一個人在社群平台上的發文,不僅是出自特定目的展現自我行為的表現,同時其刻意的公眾表現還會受到來自於各方隱形的監視與掌握。</span></div>
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<span style="color: #2a2a2a;"> 楊教授回應,傅柯在早期就認為技術跟相互監控是相關的,Kelly 在書中用的字眼為「co-veillance」,大家可以進行互相監視。這個概念其實可以回溯到烏托邦,烏托邦的想像其實滿可怕的。Thomas More 想像藉由建築的形式來達成一個和諧的社會,他想像在烏托邦裡,人們家裡的門都可以不用鎖,除了假定每個人性格非常和善,不會做出彼此傷害的事。另一個假設是每個人可以隨時隨地到鄰居家中,監看鄰居在做什麼,來達到社會監控的目的。楊教授也回應,確實社群媒體上更加增強或是鞏固相互監控的可能性,有些學者更提出全面資訊的透明化其實就是一種全面監控,越透明越恐怖。</span></div>
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<span style="color: #2a2a2a;">◆ 從事閱讀時,其實一個人可以一心多用,例如他可以邊聽音樂邊閱讀,所以閱讀的過程其實沒有那麼孤獨,那麼專心致志,那麼單純地只是閱讀文字而已,是不是也會融入其他外界的技術、聲音或元素在裡頭?另外,在 Kelly 的科技展望論述中,晶流、生命流、資訊流似乎變成強大的合體,可以演算、預測、衡量世界上的萬物,但在過去諸多有關於怪物的文本中,卻提到人類的科學仍然無法探究這不可預測的「怪物性」,那到底這三流的合體是不是可以計算所有的不可預測的事物,例如「怪物性」?</span></div>
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<span style="color: #2a2a2a;"> 楊教授回應,關於閱讀的過程,其實也有個別差異。楊教授以自己的朋友為例,其朋友因為家住在鐵路附近,因此習慣閱讀時必須要有火車與鐵路的聲響當作背景音樂才能順利進行閱讀,而這也顯現出我們人類的閱讀似乎與身旁的技術有關,身旁的技術融入了閱讀,幫助了閱讀的過程。</span></div>
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<span style="color: #2a2a2a;"></span><span style="color: #2a2a2a;"> 另外,關於晶流、生命流、資訊流,三流的合體是不是仍有一個無法衡量的部分,楊教授認為確實仍有三流無法衡量的事物。但 Kelly 對於科技與這三流過分樂觀,所以不考慮存在著無法可衡量的事物,沒有任何事情是無法被演算出來的,包含怪物性。</span></div>
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<span style="color: #2a2a2a;">◆ 生命中的經驗是否可以被數值化?</span></div>
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<span style="color: #2a2a2a;"> 楊教授回應,現在非常多的科學家企圖把世界所有的生命經驗數值化,包含今天討論的書目 <i>The Shallows </i>也談到閱讀在當代中被數據化與數值化。作者 Carr 不僅反對該現象的發生,也擔憂文學腦的消失。但有趣的是,Carr 的這本著作中,卻也是從科學的角度來看待世界,即用認知心理學的角度來剖析當今的社會現象與生命經驗,他必須運用科學的方法來說服讀者他的觀察與論點是有根據的。而這似乎也隱約告訴我們,生命經驗數值化可能正表徵著人類科技企圖取代上帝。</span></div>
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<span style="color: #2a2a2a;">◆ 數位自我可以幫助我們更認識自己嗎?</span></div>
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<span style="color: #2a2a2a;"></span><span style="color: #2a2a2a;"> 楊教授認為,藉由數位自我、數值化自我,我們的身體會全部變為他者,變成某一種醫療科技產品下的實驗對象,這種場景相當可怕,我們對自己的認知反而越來越陌生。像這樣的科技化身體所創造出來的「正常身體」的概念,都會比原來的「正常」規準還要來得嚴格,比如說現在的高血壓標準提高,或者發明出以前沒有的疾病,導致越來越多的人因為符合不了標準而被判為病態,需要進行更多的醫療消費來達到「正常身體」的標準。而這樣的後果,加拿大作家 Margaret Atwood 在其 2003 年的著作 <i>Oryx and Crake </i>中則曾經描述,未來的醫療業者會視人類的慢性病為發財的來源,將疾病資本主義化,唯有慢性病這種難以根除的特性,才能迫使人類慢慢地、長期地從事醫療消費,來治癒自己本身很難治癒的疾病,達到正常標準的健康狀態。</span></div>
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<span style="color: #2a2a2a;">◆ 為什麼 Kelly 對於科技懷抱巨大的希望與樂觀態度?</span></div>
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<span style="color: #2a2a2a;"></span><span style="color: #2a2a2a;"> 楊教授回應,對於 Kelly 來說,自我跟他者的界線是不重要的,可以不存在的,所有的事物皆可以數值化,融入於數據串流之中。世界是一個液態化的世界,自我溶入了他者,消失在集體智慧之中。</span></div>
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<span style="color: #2a2a2a;">◆ 屏讀與分心</span></div>
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<span style="color: #2a2a2a;"> 螢幕的出現,屏讀的進行,事實上可以帶來「分心」的好處(distraction)。其實整個閱讀過程與觀看經驗,假如能把自己導引到分心的狀態時候,這基本上對於自我的主體性的養成與建構是一個很好的精神狀態。過度專注的時候,就是讓自己的意識主導所有的思考,這種意識獨大的狀態,其實會把自我思維的潛能與記憶,壓抑到無法自由發展的狀態。分心反而可以把許多思維的潛能激發出來。Carr 對於閱讀的見解反而比較老派保守,他基本上只認為,人只要保持一個高度的意識運作狀態,才有可能去深化思考。那對於 Kelly 來說,科技屏讀所帶來的分心,反而帶來更高價值的閱讀潛能與激發。</span></div>
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<span style="color: #2a2a2a;">◆ Kelly 知識共同體與共享的可能性與阻礙?</span></div>
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<span style="color: #2a2a2a;"></span><span style="color: #2a2a2a;"> Kelly 的知識共同體與共享在理想上,對於人類智慧的發展與讀取知識的機會是值得讚許的,只是 Kelly 並沒有考慮到實現知識共同體與共享功能的載具與科技媒介,其實是會因為貧富差距而造成無法實現的窘境。因為當個人需要從網際網路讀取知識與訊息時,我們首先需要必備的是能夠讓我們讀取網路的科技產品,然而這樣的一個科技產品,即使價格會因為其產品週期的緣故而下降,社會上仍有特定數量的社會階級人口無法負擔。Kelly 對於科技產品與貧富階級的關係,並沒有周全考量到,如此一來便很難遠離資本主義,達到知識共享的境界。</span></div>
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<span style="color: #2a2a2a;">◆ 大數據的串流與遺忘</span></div>
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<span style="color: #2a2a2a;"> 尼采曾提及遺忘對於人類人性的重要性,其實「遺忘」是讓人類適應環境改變的關鍵。倘若科技的使然,讓人們可以用科技串流記錄下所有的生命經驗,造就永遠無法消失並一直來回流動的生命流,那麼人類將會因為本身的驅力,試圖回朔過往的創傷經驗,而使自己囚禁於創傷與哀慟中,最終原地踟躕不前。因此,「遺忘」定義了人性與人類境遇,一旦科技消弭了遺忘,勢必會改變人類的本質。</span></div>
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<span style="color: #2a2a2a;">◆ 人文與科普對話的可能性</span></div>
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<span style="color: #2a2a2a;"> 當人文與科普在探討同一個現象與事物時,常常會因為對探討主題定義與詮釋的不同,而造成無法完全互相交流與對話的窘境。例如當人文學者在探討「閱讀」時,會朝向詮釋學來剖析;然而科普作家或科學家來看,他們對於「閱讀」會是以「解碼」的角度來探討。當人文學者在討論「量化」,其實是在質疑量化的自我是否可以為人類對自我的認識帶來更多的意義;但在科普界的角度,卻不講求意義,不講求詮釋人類本質,不講求人性,只追求數值、數據與客觀。兩種截然不同思維的定義、探討與剖析,對於同一討論的主題會有不同的分歧,其結 果就可能無法造成雙向的對話。</span></div>
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<span style="color: #2a2a2a;">◆ 科技倫理與精神分析拉岡2.0</span></div>
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<span style="color: #2a2a2a;"> 拉岡的精神分析中最主要探討的是人類自然的語言,但是因為人類科技的發明,使我們人類還運用了非自然的語言,即程式的語言,解碼的語言。非自然的語言,倘若運用傳統的精神分析理論,會造成矛盾、衝突,無法適切分析人類與科技語言的心理關係。因此,科技的發明,也會在精神分析上產生革新,需要發展新的精神分析論述,來研究人類的科技語言。</span><br />
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(原文刊載於中華民國比較文學學會電子報第 30 期 <br /><a href="https://claroc100.wixsite.com/newsletter30/3">https://claroc100.wixsite.com/newsletter30/3</a>)</div>
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Alice Ming-fang Chenghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08025697371365187143noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146317341119107296.post-12988335923173114392019-11-03T00:04:00.000-07:002019-11-10T20:58:11.464-08:00媒介(Mediation)研讀班 第十一場:「存世感性」的存取 活動公告<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">獲科技部人社中心經費補助之媒介(Mediation)研讀班第十一場,即將於11月16日(週六)下午2:00-5:00在</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">國立臺灣</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">大學校史館一樓外文系會議室</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">舉行,研讀主題為「『存世感性』</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">的存取</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">」。導讀人為</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">國立清華大學外文</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">系</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">吳建亨</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">助理教授</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">,主持人為國立臺灣大學外文系廖勇超副教授</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">。歡迎踴躍報名參加!</span></div>
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(</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk17905724;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">六</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk17905724;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk17905724;"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">【時間】</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">1400-1700<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">導讀人:<span style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">吳建亨</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk533345538;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> (</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk533345538;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國立清華大學外文系助理教授</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk533345538;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span></span><br />
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk533345538;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">主持人:廖勇超 (國立臺灣大學外文系副教授)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">研讀主題:</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「存世感性」的存取</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">書名:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">Hansen, Mark B. N. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Feed-Forward: On the Future of the
Twenty-First-Century Media</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">. U of Chicago P, 2015.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">範圍:</span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk22568509;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Introduction</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk22568509;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、第一、三章</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">※活動報名系統網址:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><a href="https://forms.gle/48m455j6Y7xroNfR8">https://forms.gle/48m455j6Y7xroNfR8</a></span></div>
Alice Ming-fang Chenghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08025697371365187143noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146317341119107296.post-57885547291992667522019-11-01T23:51:00.000-07:002020-05-12T21:45:11.877-07:00媒介(Mediation)研讀班 第六場:掉落在機器控御學之外的「即身」主體 活動側記<div class="txtNew" data-packed="true" id="comp-k1kv7zqy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-size: 10px; grid-area: 3 / 1 / 4 / 2; left: 167px; margin: 0px 0px 15px calc((100% - 980px) * 0.5); outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; place-self: start; pointer-events: none; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 662px;">
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">文本:Svitlana Matviyenko, Judith Roof (editors), <i>Lacan and the Posthuman</i>, 2018.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">主講人:周俊男(南臺科技大學應用英語系副教授)</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">主持人/與談人:吳建亨(國立清華大學外文系助理教授)</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">時間:108年6月29日(週六)</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">地點:國立成功大學修齊大樓26508外文系會議室</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">主辦單位:中華民國比較文學協會、科技部人文社會科學研究中心</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">側記:黃坦欣(國立政治大學英文系碩士班)</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">序言</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 此次報告主題是導讀 <i>Lacan and the Posthuman </i>的第五章及第八章,以解說拉岡(Jacques Lacan)之精神分析理論中與後人類理論有所交集之概念。本次導讀分為三部分。第一部分旨在點出拉岡精神分析理論中與後人類理論有關聯之處。第二部分則是更進一步展示,拉岡理論相較於常見的後人類理論以及後資本主義社會中出現之後人類現象研究的差異。第三部分則是以本書中所涉及的四個文本研究為例,明確展示現今學者如何使用拉岡理論進行後人類研究。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 在進入探討前,周俊男老師先以《莊子.外篇.天地》中所涉及之人機關係破題。學者 Lydia H. Liu 在她的著作 <i>The Freudian Robot</i> 中,認為莊子在兩千年前便已提出 Marshall Mcluhan 於 1964 年意圖探討之媒體理論。莊子在此文中說明人類使用機器,導致益發趨向奇淫巧技,心靈不純,因而無法體悟「大道」的觀點。此文以老子觀點諷刺孔子之機械觀,也可視為是道家對於儒家機械觀的諷刺,這個想法與本次報告相關之處在於人們對於機器存在不同之態度。周老師連結莊子所談及之「大道」與拉岡理論中的 soul/thinking 的概念,以說明人若想接觸「大道」,在生活中雖可以使用機械,但不能受其奴役的觀點。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Lydia指出了兩種人對於機器的態度。其一為義肢或工具式觀點(the prosthetic/instrumental view),另一個則是互動式觀點(interactive/transformational view)。義肢或工具式觀點認為機器僅為人類的展延,而互動式觀點則認為人機之間不僅存在互動現象,機器更會影響人類的感官,進而改變人類感知外在世界的方式。從這兩種態度切入,Lydia進一步詰問:我們究竟是主宰機器,亦或是受其奴役?現今沉迷於 I object 的人類,究竟是其主人還是其奴隸?機器不僅會改變我們的生活習慣,還會改變我們的思考及道德觀。在精神分析中,無論無意識如何的後人類,它最終仍必須找到一個非受制於後人類、機器式無意識的主體存在樣式,雖然這其中有主體並非主動(humanistic)存在的弔詭。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">I. Posthumanism in Lacan</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">I-1. Homeostasis of the Unconscious: from Freud to Lacan</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 佛洛伊德(Sigmund Freud)在 1895 年出版的 Entwurf 提出以熱力學而非心理層面探討精神疾病的觀點,迥異於當時以心理層面分析的方法。拉岡承接了這種較具科學性的方法,利用當時流行的結構語言學、機器控御學(cybernetics)以及訊息理論,從另一方式呈現了佛洛伊德理論。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">I-2. Language(the Symbolic)and the Machine</span></span></span></span></div>
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<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 語言為精神分析理論與後人類理論最有關之處。拉岡在佛氏的 Entwurf 中,看到一種機器式的、非自然的秩序,因而透過索敘爾(Saussure)的語言學來解釋無意識。它把無意識當作它者的論述(the discourse of the other)或它者的語言(language of the other),因而將無意識當作意符之間的鏈結、邏輯。就拉岡而言,無意識是一個機器,象徵層(the Symbolic)也是一個機器。除了語言學及信息理論,拉岡也使用了賽局理論(game theory)。這個理論強調,任何數字皆非隨意的,必須從整個系統的層面考量。拉岡從賽局理論開始建構無意識,說無意識是一種計算、一種無意識記憶的運作方式。同時,語言本身也是一套無意識的系統和技術(technique of unconscious),透過這種技術思考,真實層(the Real)就會從過程中產生。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 在機器控御學中,如同訊息只是一系列的符號,意符(letter)和意義(meaning)是完全不同的。作者以愛倫坡《丟失的信》為例,其中信件的內容無關緊要,故事的重點在於信被誰看過、被置於何處、由誰發現。拉岡以此作為無意識象徵層受到意符不透明性(opacity of signifier)所支配的類比。不透明性有時也被說成為信件/意符的物質性(the materiality of letter),因其本身並不透明,有自己的邏輯、運作方式。信件/意符的物質性有時在提及時也近似於信息的物質性(the materiality of information)。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">I-3. The Machine and the Subject</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 一般後人類理論不常注意之處,也是精神分析中後人類理論的特點:精神分析後人類理論關注主體問題;雖然其關注的不是人文主義式之主體,是後人類式的主體。這是機器控御學較不注重的地方。在這個主軸下,象徵界(the symbolic order)被視為一種機器。在這個機器中,機器和主體之間會產生慾望的回饋作用,即機器會回饋慾望給主體。此處顯示拉岡跟機器控御學之不同。因為意符會不斷地傳遞、變化,使主體不會固定,機器從而讓主體變成一個分裂的主體(divided subject)。這樣的主體同時也可說成是思考與存有之間的分裂(split between thinking and being),呈現一個迥異於笛卡兒「我思故我在」的理論。在拉岡的理論中,思考和存有不會同時存在。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">I-4. Automaton and Tuché</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 在這個部分周老師講解機械式循環以及無意識、創傷之循環。這兩個名詞出現在拉岡的《第十一講》(Seminar XI)。Automaton 和 Tuché 為兩種不同的重複與循環。Automaton 屬於一種機器的運作方式,會產生一些可預測的結果,並不 斷循環重複。Tuché 則是較無法預測的、跟真實界的遭遇。Automaton 透過意符(signifier)的運作邏輯來決定主體。Tuché 每次重複都會在新的地方出現,讓觀察者難以辨認。在拉岡的《第十一講》中談到,真實(the Real)是超越符號、意符的運作系統的,這種系統就是所謂的快樂原則。Automaton 是一種根據快樂原則而產生的自平衡、自生發的組配(assemblage),它也會讓創傷不斷回到同一點。但 Tuché 的重複方式則是會不斷創新,因為「重複總是需要新的事物」。用命運來做比喻,將 automaton 比喻為天命,那麼 tuché 便是人定的、抵抗天命的命運。由此可見,在精神分析架構下的最高原則還是主體,雖是出於驅力或小對體(object a)而非自願,必須要創造出新的東西。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">I-5. In and out of the Machine: Object a, Jouissance, Fantasy, Drive</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 在機器中,主體可以產生三種不同的欲望模式,包括:幻見(fantasy)、小對體(object a)和陽型絕爽 phallic jouissance。這三種欲望都是主體受了它者的欲望(desire of the other)牽引後產生的。這些只是主體在面對匱乏(lack)的時候,所產生的暫時解決方式。接下來讓我們稍微解釋一下剛剛提到的三個東西:幻見、小對體和陽型絕爽。人性、機器、語言沒有甚麼差別,但拉岡認為唯一的差別是(主體)會透過小對體來彌補它者的空洞,然而這個小對體也並非固定的。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: underline; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">I-5-1.Jouissance:</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: underline; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 絕爽這個概念在拉岡中晚期理論體系中產生很多變化,到後期針對絕爽的論述中,主要有它者的絕爽(jouissance of the other)或是陽型絕爽(phallic jouissance)這兩個概念。絕爽有兩種,一種為陽型的(陽型意符phallic signifier),是意符鏈(the chain of signifier)的一個例外狀況,同時又是符號系統的推動力。另一種為它者的絕爽,其意義為在波羅米昂三環節(the Borromean Knot) 中,陽型絕爽代表象徵層和真實層兩象度的交界點。它者的絕爽則是想像層和真實層的交叉點。絕爽是象徵層中無法找到的一種殘餘。執爽和小對體相似之處便是他們皆是殘餘。陽型絕爽跟 phallic 有關。小對體跟 phallic 未必有關,但是陽型絕爽必然與陽型意符有關。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: underline; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">I-5-2.Fantasy:</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: underline; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 就拉岡的精神分析而言,機器控御學中還有想像的一面。這個想像的層面可以讓主體在離身性機器(disembodied machine)中找到一個信息主體(informational subject),因此在機器中找到信息主體是種補償的幻見(compensatory fantasy),補償機器的殘缺。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Allan Pero 引用 André Nusselder 撰寫於 2009 年的著作 Interface Fantasy: A Lacanian Cyborg Ontology,透過幻見(fantasy)中虛擬(virtual)的角度來分析人機的介面。他認為我們可以從機器控御學的思想來理解拉岡的幻見。Pero 指出,對 Nusselder 而言,主體不只是象徵界的一種效應而已,它也是虛擬的的。幻見是一種規範的力量,幫助我們在象徵層的迴路中架構出一個感知的方式,也就是說,幻見可以幫助主體在機器的規則中架構出一個感知的模式。Pero 進一步指出,在電腦螢幕之後,我們都是賽博格(cyborgs),透過幻見,我們可以了解我們如何與虛擬世界產生關聯。幻見就是人機之間的介面,屬於一個想像的介面。Pero 認為拉岡的精神分析將幻見視為我們與外界互動的重要「視窗」。幻見是一種「視窗」(screen),是一種介面。Nusselder 認為,在心裡的層次上,電腦螢幕和其他種人與電腦間的介面吸納了幻見的功能,成為真實與虛擬間的中介。也就是說,幻見是電腦創造出來的數位世界和真實之間的橋樑。虛擬亦為一種通往真實的路徑。Pero 指出,在拉岡對巴洛克科學的辯護之中,幻見應該要被帶進來討論,幻見雖然只是虛擬的,但是跟真實之間只是一線之隔。作者批評現代科學把真理(truth)當成真實(real),但就拉岡而言,虛擬更加接近真實。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: underline; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">I-5-3.Drive:</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: underline; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 驅力(drive)為主體面對機械的最後一個樣態。在作者的文中提到,個人命運的重複,可以抵抗神(the other)。此處的驅力是可以驅動主體在機器中不斷移動的一個力量。它也被拿來跟亞里斯多德的因(cause)對比。亞里斯多德曾談及過 cause of cause 的概念,把這個概念轉換至此,作者所要談及的是欲望之因(cause of desire),是機器中或是主體之中根本的匱乏造成的不斷重複、循環。驅力跟機器的關係便是超越機器性或技術性的一種溢滿(excess),不是技術所能掌控的殘餘。一般的理論中多半主張,機器是人的延伸、義肢(prosthesis),而此處卻反其道而行。驅力跟它者無關,不牽涉轉移(transference),不牽涉到愛和慾望,恰巧絕爽站在不同面向。當主體在機器中產生了驅力,便成了「無頭的主體」,一個還沒有產生慾望的主體。它是最原初的主體的驅力。在此時尚未出現主體,一旦有主體就有慾望,一旦有欲望便會與它者有關,但此處驅力跟它者無關。驅力跟情慾帶有關:嘴巴、肛門、眼睛以及耳朵。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">I-6. The Baroque Machine: the Sinthome </span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 拉岡之精神分析理論中可提出之後人類模型(topology)。Sinthome 是一個跟語言很有關係的拓樸機器,其本身具有物質性。在拉岡對於喬埃斯(James Joyce)的研究中,他主張喬埃斯的寫作中會自然形成 Sinthome。Sinthome 是一種後人類的快感,跟陽型或它者無關。對拉岡而言,sinthome 是用巴洛克(Baroque)的形 式呈現。思考與存有無法連接在一起,但 sinthome 可以將其連接。Sinthome 會表現出它者的絕爽。Armand 分析喬埃斯的文章時發現,“I is thought”顯示主體是受詞。主體在語言中顯現,其在語言中可以找到 sinthome 和 symptom 兩者。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">I-7. Critique of Lacan</span></span></span></span></div>
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<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Ben Woodward 從昆蟲的角度,認為拉岡的一切理論焦點都在語言,但他對非語言的或原始的(“primordial”)有興趣嗎?Ben Woodward 認為拉岡缺乏物質性或者信息物質性的討論。換句話說,拉岡注意到了意符的物質性(materiality of letter),但是他沒有注意到信息的物質性(materiality of information)。Woodward 主張昆蟲的身體中有活的物質性(active materiality),他認為拉岡所講的無意識、意識、思考等,這些都起因於物質性。Woodward 在另一本書 <i>The Fly</i> 中,物質性又變成了訊息,意念(Ideas)是從物質變來的,因而迥異於拉岡的理論。Woodward 文中提到的 “mass of life” 便是物質性;當拉岡強調思想(thoughts),Woodward 強調的則是相反的方向,也就是群(mass)、物質性(materiality)和物質的流變(material becoming)。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">II. Lacan v.s. Posthumanism</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">II-1. Posthuman Theories: NM, OOO, ANT, AT</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> New Materialism, Object-oriented Ontology, Actor Network Theory, Affect Theory 把人當成更大的環境系統中的一分子;人只是跟環境互動的一個小份子、一個機器中的螺絲。主體只被當作是物質系統中的一分子。接下來是較為批判的層面。作者認為外在的過程中呈現出來的樣貌(representation),人雖有參與,但是在這些理論中,人只是系統中的一份子。這個系統成了一個透明的系統,而無意識在這個系統中消失了。這些理論將物質加以數位化、物化,認為我們人類跟物質的接觸是不需要中介的。拉岡則認為我們需要幻見。這些理論強調這些物質可以獨立於人類主體的參與。主體和意識皆是由機器、系統產生。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">II-2. Humanism in Posthumanism</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 即使知道在大系統中人無法參與、改變,但不等同於主體消失。主體無論如何被動,都不會消失。主體都會存在自我反身性的運動(self-reflective movement)中。在這樣的系統中,主體可以透過回溯的方式產生。因此,作者認為拉岡強調的不是一般後人類論述中所強調的本體論,而是倫理學。拉岡強調了跟存有之間的斷裂,機器中的一個效應。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">II-3. From Law to Code</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 當代社會已從一個強調法律的社會發展成一個強調符碼(code)的社會,拉岡所強調的象徵層的理論已被轉喻成基因編碼或科學證據等物質主義概念。演算法軟體讓我們(主體)成為了可計算的東西,語言所找不到的譬喻已然消失,人類已成為了訊息系統。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">II-4. The Loss of the Symbolic</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 象徵層為精神分析後人類理論中最重要之核心,但已逐漸消失。作者將象徵層的消失視為一種文化著徵狀(cultural symptom)。因象徵層的消失而產生普及絕爽(ordinary jouissance),主體沒有透過象徵層的中介而必須直接面對絕爽。如精神病一般象徵層跟想像層的界線也因而消失了。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">II-5. The Command to Enjoy</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 隨著象徵層跟想像層的界線消失,享樂成為了一種命令。原本在象徵層中禁止的享樂,現在已成為了一種命令。這個現象與全球化市場有關,也就是無阻礙的消費主義(unbridled consumerism)。現代的主體用自己的方式直接面對電子產品,沒有跟它者的存在有任何連結。但是在這種情況下,主體會產生超我(super ego),因而受另一個它者所牽制。這個它者便是設計演算法的財團,主體成為了機器、電子產品的奴隸。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">II-6. From object a to i-object</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 小對體本來為一個空白物,但在消費主義社會中變成各種電子物體(i object)或 AI 產品。這些產品可以提供立即的滿足,而不需要它者的介入。幻見也從中消失。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">III. 兩部電影的結論以及四部電影的大綱</span></span></span></div>
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<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 第一部電影就是 <i>Source Code</i>。當主角接受設計者的命令、執行任務的時候,他陷入了三個囚犯的邏輯,也就是 automaton 的規則裡,但他想要逃脫,所以他最後想要求死。在他準備逃脫的時候,他問了一個問題:「假如你知道你只剩下一分鐘可以活?」。他到最後有兩個選擇:一個是選擇他爸爸,但他覺得不想;後來他選擇了他現在這個身分的女友──他選擇她──這是他逃脫的方式。這個逃脫沒有很完全,他問女友是否相信命運的安排,但是她說:「不。我比較是那種傻傻的、運氣好的女孩」,所以他認為跟他女友在一起,比較可能得到解脫。“Christina grasps tychic modes of repetition in which the consequences of contingency are subjetivized.”(Colin Wright),所以這個女孩比較隨機,比較能夠接受偶發的情境。而Stevens不願去放棄這個。他還是陷在這個 “fatalism at the level of love and the supposed sexual relation.”(Colin Wright)。他還是認為說兩個人是命中註定的,這樣就沒有辦法解脫。</span></span></div>
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<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 另一部小說改編的影視作品<i>Oryx and Crake</i>,中文叫《末世男女》。裡面有一個基因設計者叫 Crake,要設計一個「經過基因改造、不具備破壞形式且無欲望之人類」,也就是說,這個新的人種不會有慾望的,只剩下交配的本能。但是這個設計者其實本身是一個「將終結欲望作為欲望」的人。所以,把慾望終結本身也是一種慾望。我們無法將欲望完全消滅,因為要把慾望消滅這樣的設計本身也是一種欲望。作者認為故事中唯一可以達到解脫的是女主角 Oryx。作者指出,Oryx 可以說是一位以非基因改良方式的後人類。他認為雖然故事中創造的這些人已經達到了驅力的境界,以精神分析理論來講,具有驅力很好,但是這個驅力如果沒有跟欲望互動,那這個獨立的驅力就不好。但是這個女主角 Oryx 本身可以達到,她並非基因改變的後人類,她的驅力還是會跟欲望互動。Oryx 這個人物,可以產生某個特殊的區域,在這個區域裡欲望與驅力互相作用,但又難以區分。這兩部電影的結論在於性關係的不可能,以及陰性絕爽非全有的邏輯(the logic of the “not all” of feminine jouissance)。</span></span></div>
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<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 本書作者另一章談的電影是《雲端情人》(<i>Her</i>)。講到剛剛講的電子物體(i object),這部電影中有一個語音助理的角色,男主角跟語音助理談戀愛,也就是說,電腦軟體成為愛人。電影的一開始男主角以為他可以成為雲端情人,並且是語音助理的主人,不過最後他成了奴隸──這個雲端情人棄他而去。作者說與因助理棄他而去這個動作可以表現非全有的邏輯(the logic of the “not all”)。當語音助理說出「我是你的而我也不是你的」以及「我與你不同」這兩句話時,就表現出陰性絕爽(feminine jouissance)。另一部電影亦然。</span></span></div>
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<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 第四部電影叫做《機械姬》(Ex machina)。在故事情節中,程式設計公司的老闆請了一位厲害的設計師與公司的機器人對話,進行圖靈測試(Turing Test)。但是這個被找來的設計師的一切資料都已經被做成大數據,而這個機器人即是配合大數據製造出來,因此他們非常契合。在這部電影裡欲望和無意識就變成了大數據,因為這個設計師的一切都已經被公司數據化,而這個機器人是模仿這個設計師的大數據製造出來的。故事最後結局也如同《雲端情人》一樣,設計師安排了一個計畫讓機器人逃離公司,可是機器人殺死老闆之後就逃跑了,當機器人經過辦公室時,完全無視設計師的存在。這個結局即是真實的混亂(disorder of the real)之呈現,也是陰性絕爽的呈現(Nancy Gillespie)。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">◆討論時間</span></span></span></div>
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<div class="font_8" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 本次研讀班的討論十分熱烈,在周老師一邊報告之際,參與老師也給予很多回饋與討論,非常感謝李育霖、吳建亨、涂明宏、邱彥彬與楊乃女老師參與討論。由於篇幅所限,下列的討論為諸位老師提出的問題與意見的濃縮與概要。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">一、語言與機器之相關討論</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">問題:</span>在 I-2 的部分,作者提及「語言等於是機器」的時候,這是甚麼意思呢?兩者在甚麼意義上是等同的?</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">綜合討論:</span>這也跟機器控御學有關。機器控御學認為 message 的重點不是在於它的內容,而是在一個 message 和其他 message 之間的關係。作者在談機器的時候,討論的不是 signifier 和 signified 之間的關係,而是意符鏈(chain of signifiers)。並非討論可以摸的到的機器。在這裡的 machinic 是跟 game theory 還有 information theory, cybernetics 等理論類似。拉岡都是受這些當時流行的理論影響,從這幾個理論的脈絡去看。拉岡的這個概念比較接近當時比較數學、科學的概念。這個 machine 可以舉拉岡的一些例子,比方說他有三個囚犯的那個例子。那是一種邏輯運作的模式。或是兩個小孩互相猜拳的例子。這是機率的問題。Machine 是計 算機率、計算訊息的變化、組合的一套系統。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">二、分裂的主體(the divided subject)概念的討論</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">問題:</span>如果在這邊 machine 跟 subject 連結,這個 symbolic order 或 subject 會放在這個結構裡面,產生一個欲望主體(desiring subject),那我就自然會聯想到德勒茲的 “desiring machine”。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">周俊男老師:欲望主體與欲望機器會有關係,但是德勒茲的變化比較多。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">問題:</span>這裡是機器去產生欲望主體的嗎?</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">周俊男老師:</span>這算是事後的。從回溯的觀點來看。圖表中的水平線就是 chain of signifier,意符的鍊。三角形算是主體的起點,但是它不是事先存在的,它要在後面繞回來才會存在。在三角形下跟意符中間會有一個交叉點,叫 O。這應該是 object,但這個 object 不是說這個意符它代表甚麼東西。它代表主體找到一個意符,這個意符的邏輯跟主體的關係還不是很明確。它只是在意符中找到一個 object。這個 object 是個意符,也是個 signifier,但是我們都把它解讀成 object。然後要一直到後來,主體回溯這個 object,解讀其意義時,主體會認為 object 代表其自身。這樣就代表主體跟 object 中間產生了一個 divided subject。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">三、信息主體的討論</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">問題:</span>請問甚麼叫 pure information?為何後面又叫 informational subject?</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">綜合討論:</span>pure information 就是 disembodied 的意思,跟主體沒有關係。informational subject 跟 pure information 是不一樣的。這裡看到的可以分為兩個部分,一個是 disembodied machine of pure information,另一個是 informational subject。這兩個不是對等的。這個 symbolic 跟 imaginary 就精神分析而言是不能分開的。所以這個 pure machine 就是屬於 symbolic 的,而 informational subject 是屬於 imaginary。這裡主要是在講說,在精神分析裡面,一定會牽涉到 imaginary。不只是 imaginary,這三個環一定都會牽涉到。在 symbolic、機器中的 fantasy 要怎麼產生,這是透過一種 imaginary 來產生的。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">綜合討論:</span>後人類主義中有一派叫做 extropianism,他把所有主體都去身體化;所有人都只剩下腦部的 information patterns。這個學派就是要把人的身體都去除掉。因為這個學派就是要把人簡化到 symbolic 的 dimension。可是這本書的作者說這其實也是一種 compensatory fantasy,因為已經帶有一點 imaginary 的成分在裡面了。Extropianism 是後人類主義裡面,超人類主義的那一個學派。超人類主義基本上並不是超越人類。一般我們講後人類,如果是 critical humanism, 都是在批評所謂的啟蒙主義之後對人類的影響。可是超人類主義並不是批判,他是在強化這種想像。所以我覺得他這邊這種 informational subject「是一個永恆的,可是不被肉身所影響的」。因為他認為肉體其實是人類的侷限,所以他們其實是更強化笛卡兒的那種 mind-body dualism 的那種想像。他用的字眼是 transhumanism。就如同很多新科幻類型已經開始想像把自己的意識輸到一個大電腦上,它在那個地方變成一個 cogito 的永遠,人類可以超越這種生化然後無身體化。也就是說,媒介可以有不同的媒介,但是你的 consciousness可以轉換到不同的媒介裡面獲得這種永生。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">四、巴洛克機器的討論</span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">問題:</span>在巴洛克機器的討論中,為甚麼要用 baroque 這個字眼?</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">綜合討論:</span>這個就是這本書裡面其中一個作者用 baroque 這個模型來解釋 sinthome。這是他自己的解釋,他是說拉岡對 baroque 很喜歡,然後他自己用 baroque 來解釋拉岡的 sinthome。這個詞彙具有藝術風格,因為它本身涵有一種 incompleteness。它很華麗,但是又永遠都含有一個空缺、創新的要素在裡面。如果從德勒茲的角度來看,baroque 的概念是一個怪奇,而不是華麗。它是一個怪奇的、一個異形的、變形的珍珠,比較像 irregularity,具有一些待完成的元素。像 baroque 的一些音樂或藝術也有這樣的一個層面。它有某些特定的規則,可是很多時候是待完成,在那時候完成、產生。所以它有一個開放性。用 baroque 這個詞彙有一個滿好的解釋點,如果回到這個詞當時發生是因為古典時期,它談的那個靈魂或是上帝,它不再能夠包含這樣一個世界的時候,它開始要崩毀的時候,它透過這種曲線或是變形去趨近。它只能趨近。就是所謂的微積分。一個曲線,那我們沒有辦法去算出它的面積時,我們必須要去微,或是要去不斷的細緻化,但是還是沒辦法接近。它的特色就是要趨近那個,又好像沒有辦法趨近。所以 baroque 具有 unfinished 或是 open 的特徵。但它的前提是要打破真實,或者是說,靈魂沒有辦法被包含進去,所以它透過這樣的一個藝術或是繁複的這種建築或是繪畫或是藝術去逼近那個真實。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">討論2:</span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">問題:</span>這裡談到的 soul 到底是哪一個意義上的 soul?</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">周俊男老師:</span>Soul 簡單來講就是無意識的運作模式。那這個運作模式跟驅力又有關係。你說它沒有 materiality,驅力本身就有某種 materiality。或是說 jouissance of the other,這是最高的推動力。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: underline; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">討論3:</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">李育霖老師:</span>作者談到 “I is thought”。所以是誰在思考?是 machine 在思考嗎?我用比較德勒茲的理解。如果 thinking 作為一個運動,不管是 machine 的 operation,那在這個運動中,I (我)跟他的所謂的 “the other” 都是被 catch,或是重新被 produced 嗎?</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">周俊男老師:</span>不是 machine 在思考。 “It”,它裡面一直強調,“It” 在思考。這個 “It” 是某種語言的型態、表現的樣式。在他的文章裡,這個某種語言的表現方式重複很多次。這個層面就比較沒有牽涉到 the other。Sinthome 比較沒有牽涉到 the other 的問題。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">五、後人文主義中的人文主義</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">問題:</span>作者在文章脈絡中談的 object 或 object a,都在他是主體這個 structure 下。這些都不是真正所謂的「物件」?聽起來似乎是在批判拉岡理論缺乏物質性。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">綜合討論:</span>拉岡的理論談的是倫理學和本體論的層次。我們在講拉岡的時候是都會講 lack of being。可是拉岡把它翻轉過來,變成 the being of lack。這就他的 ontology。Object a 就是 the being of lack,既然談的是 lack,就跟 materiality 沒有關係了。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">問題:這些拉岡學者怎麼去辯駁新物質主義對他的批評?另外談 posthumanism 而沒有 materiality 似乎比較奇怪,他的 humanism 似乎沒有辦法讓他達到一個 posthuman 的高度嗎?</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">綜合討論:</span>對拉岡而言最高境界就是一種 repetition of drive,跟 lack。另外,因為拉岡的結構主義也是屬於 antihumanism 那個學派的。這本書的作者用 humanism 來談 posthumanism 比較令人疑惑。不過作者強調的是拉岡是少數保留主體這個概念的理論家。目前許多談 posthumanism 的學者,大部分都強調要把主體拿掉。拉岡是少數保留主體。但是在保留主體的同時,他也要脫離過去對主體或是對humanism的一個想像。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">六、象徵層的消失與大財團之為他者的掌控</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">問題:</span>作者的講法說 source code 的擁有者就控制一切,這會不會太悲觀?尤其是作者用 autistic 的說法來談,彷彿這裡的 symbolic 或是 the other 消失了,比較像是一種決定主義或是一種命令式的談法。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">周俊男老師:</span>這裡只是一個描述而已,還沒牽涉到價值判斷。我剛剛一開始 舉的,破題的《莊子》那一篇就有提到,你是成為他的主人,還是成為他的奴隸,差別在這裡。Autistic 就是跟 symbolic、the Other 相對的。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">綜合討論:</span>可是在這個科技時代,可以用這個大寫的 the Other 嗎?會不會這個它者是不是應該更複雜化?如果說在科技時代 the Other 的本質改變了,這個 the Other 是不是要修正,或是至少重新 qualify 那個大寫的 O 到底是甚麼。已經不是 pure 的。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">七、從小對體到電子物體</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">問題:</span>本書中談的 fantasy 是說欲望的法則就消失了嗎?所謂的 immediate gratification 是甚麼呢?另外, i object 這個東西,它是提供某種立即滿足的東西,那這個跟 need 就變得相關。所以它的意思是甚麼?在這一個 fantasy、symbolic 消失,我們是回到一個 need 這樣一個世界嗎?這個 immediate gratification 跟 need 之間的關係如何?</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">綜合討論:</span>我們本來都是講 fantasy 是很重要的。他可能連 fantasy 都沒有,直接去面對這些 objects。因為 fantasy 就是你跟 object 之間構成的一個場景,一個架構。但是現在連 object a 都不見了,the Other 也消失了。在這裡作者談的 the Other 應該是 Lacan 很早期的時候在講的那種律法或是人際關係那種 Other 的意思,現在這種關係在消費主義社會都很單薄。在科技社會中,machinic operation 的符碼或程式語言主宰,類似律法的那種 the Other 就越來越沒有影響力。</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, book antiqua, palatino linotype, serif;">(原文刊載於中華民國比較文學學會電子報第 30 期 </span><span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, book antiqua, palatino linotype, serif;"><a href="https://claroc100.wixsite.com/newsletter30/2">https://claroc100.wixsite.com/newsletter30/2</a></span></span><span style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: georgia, palatino, "book antiqua", "palatino linotype", serif;">)</span></div>
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Alice Ming-fang Chenghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08025697371365187143noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146317341119107296.post-65001732245512349532019-10-31T20:56:00.000-07:002020-05-12T21:42:28.099-07:00媒介(Mediation)研讀班 第五場:「數位新皮質」的超人類主義 活動側記<div class="txtNew" data-packed="true" id="comp-k1kw0g2z" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-size: 10px; grid-area: 3 / 1 / 4 / 2; left: 159px; margin: 0px 0px 14px calc((100% - 980px) * 0.5); outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; place-self: start; pointer-events: none; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 662px;">
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">文本:<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ray Kurzweil, <i>How to Create a Mind: The Secret of Human Thought Revealed</i>, 2012.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> (Chapters 7, 8, 9)</span></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">主講人:林建光(國立中興大學外文系副教授)</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">主持人/與談人:呂奇芬(國立高雄師範大學英語學系副教授)</span></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">時間:<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">108</span>年<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">5</span>月<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">25</span>日(週六)</span></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">地點:國立中興大學人文大樓四樓<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">415</span>室</span></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">主辦單位:中華民國比較文學協會、科技部人文社會科學研究中心</span></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">側記:蘇俞文(國立政治大學英文系博士班)</span></span></div>
<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">攝影:鄭茗方(國立政治大學英文系碩士班)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">引言</span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 在主持人呂奇芬教授簡短的引言後,就由主講人林建光教授開始這次的導讀。一開始林建光教授先說明本次研讀班選書的原因與意義,他認為:「此書的輸入值,也就是牽涉科技技術層面的狀態轉換對人文學者較為複雜,但是輸出值,也就是作者 Ray Kurzweil 要帶出的論述很簡單──Kurzweil 認為人類可以靠著科技成為超人,也就是「超人類」這個主題,是這次討論的核心。」另一個原因則是 Kurzweil 能以科技人的角度,以人文與哲學的導向思考,進而使他成為開創人文與科學的夢想家。例如 Kurzweil 在第九章,談論意識、自由意志,以及身份問題。在西方社會,科學與哲學是分不開的。此書在西方作為備受讚譽的暢銷書,原因在於 Kurzweil 很會講故事,也講得很清楚,並能用很簡單的方式說明人工科技,因此也很適合作為導讀之用。林教授也推薦日本作者松尾豐談人工智慧的書作為搭配的讀物。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">作者介紹</span></span></span></div>
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<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Ray Kurzweil(1948-)為一位未來學家,也是發明家。他在 Google 擔任工程總監,專長於語音辨識,並在 2008 年與 Peter Diamandis 成立奇點大學(Singularity University)。相較於 Kurzweil 先前針對技術與資訊科學不斷快速成長之現象出版的其他三本著作,本次研讀的書籍 <i>How to Create a Mind</i> 是一本以科技為導向,深入人文與哲學的思考的書。</span></span></div>
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<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">人工智慧的發展</span></span></span></div>
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<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 人工智慧的發展大致可歸納為三波。第一波是 1950-1960 年,最顯著的發明是圖靈(Alan Turing)的圖靈機,當時大家對人工智慧的期許都很高,但因科技的侷限,導致做不下去後人工智慧的發展因此停滯。到 1980 是第二波人工智慧的興起,包含日本的洗衣機,現今的掃地機器人就是那時的成果,但到 1990 年又再次沈寂。現今是第三波,而 Kurzweil 都參與在這三波的人工智慧浪潮中,當時他所做的許多預言也都一一實現了。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">大腦新皮質</span></span></span></div>
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<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 此書主要探討「大腦新皮質」的議題,其包含有無可能複製以及創造人工數位新皮質。Kurzweil 的結論是認為這是可行的,原因是電腦與人腦的演算法是一樣的,具有同樣的層級結構(hierarchy)。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 大腦新皮質位在大腦最上層,薄薄一層,包覆左右腦。相對於舊腦,包括小腦與海馬迴,大腦新皮質處理大腦思維,包含語言、創造力與運動能力。在本書三四章講到生物都有大腦新皮質,包含哺乳類,包括老鼠、海豚、黑猩猩,大小不一,只是都不及人類的大腦新皮質來得大。Kurzweil 一開始從生物學,腦神經科學討論大腦新皮質的功能,藉此帶出模式辨識模組。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">模式辨識模組(pattern recognition)</span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span></span></div>
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<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 大腦新皮質由三億個模式辨識模組組成,Kurzweil 提到:「人類的大腦新皮質約有 50 萬個皮質柱,每個皮質柱佔據約二公釐高、0.5 公釐寬的空間,其中包含六萬個神經元,因此大腦新皮質中總共約有 300 億個神經元。根據一項粗略估計,皮質柱中的每個模式辨識器包含約 100 個神經元,因此,大腦新皮質約有三億個模式辨識器」(68)。對 Kurzweil 而言,人類大腦為一高度演算的電腦,醫學與生物學相關研究也證實大腦的突觸在接受訊息後可傳遞電訊號。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">大腦新皮質的共同演算法與可替代性</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Kurzweil 指出莫札特、貝多芬等大師級的音樂家、作家、或畫家能有驚人的創作皆源自於他們的大腦新皮質。人類只有三億個模式辨識器,經常使用的也不多。雖然人類有生物上的限制,以至於人類的的智商無法加乘(林教授舉例好比我們無法將愛因斯坦的智商加上牛頓的智商構成更高的智商),但是 Kurzweil 認為電腦可以做到,因為電腦可藉由無數個模式辨識器構成超級演算機:若一台電腦參照一個人類有三億個模式辨識器,十台電腦就好比有三十億個模式辨識器。由此可證,人類變成超人類是一定能發生的事實。Kurzweil 接著舉例在 2012 年,IBM 命名為華生(Watson)的超級電腦在益智遊戲「危險境地」中擊敗紀錄保持人,以及 1997 年深藍(Deep Blue)的超級電腦打敗棋王,兩者對於人工智慧的發展史意義非凡,顯示電腦驗算能力極強。但另一方面,有反對他的人認為電腦不過是高度演算的一部機器,不可能變得像真正的人腦一樣。對此 Kurzweil 的回應是,若你認為華生電腦只是一部高度演算的電腦,其實人類大腦的運作模式與電腦是一模一樣的,只是演算能力遠不如超級電腦。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">模式辨識器 </span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 模式辨識器可透過資訊科學,基本的演算法製造出來,這也就是電腦的運作方式(pattern recognition)。最早發明的是語音辨識,現今較普遍的是文字辨識,例如車輛進入中興大學會經過一個辨識車牌號碼的文字辨識機器,這就像是大腦新皮質中三億個模式辨識器一樣。電腦就是由無數個模式辨識器構成的演算機。Google 公司將電腦辨識出一隻貓的行為視為莫大的成就,因為相對於人腦,對於電腦而言,辨識物體仍有一定的限制與困難。「辨識」能否成功的關鍵除了大腦新皮質中的模式辨識器,就是層級辨識。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-position: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">層級辨識</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span></div>
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<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 層級(hierarchy)辨識是由目標物(object)的最低層級,也就是其最基本的單位開始辨識。這是一個複雜的概念,因為藉由層層認知的堆疊,若方法不對,中間容易忽略目標物的一些重要特徵。人類大腦新皮質的層級記憶、認知學習能力與電腦一樣,都是按照層級辨識:像是「apple」這個單字,是由 a-p-p-l-e 五個字母構成,因此辨識需從「a」這個最小的單位開始。同理,層級概念可以無數劃分,若將 apple 一字換成一個句子:「I eat an apple」,此句的層級又高於「apple」單獨一個字母的層級。換言之,愈高層級是愈抽象的。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">大腦新皮質的可塑性</span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 人類大腦有無數個模式辨識器,如色彩、運動等模式辨識器。人工智慧的困難在於無法複製出如人腦這麼多不同種類與功能的模式辨識器。大腦雖然是如此複雜,但 Kurzweil 認為藉由共同演算法,運用大腦具有可塑性的這項功能,模擬大腦也可以很簡單。模式器本身雖然不一定能自主學習,但模式器之間能彼此連結成一個模組,此稱為連結論。另外,模式辨識器並非各自獨立,每個模組之內的連結和突觸強度的模式都相對穩定,模組之間的連結和突觸強度因而與學習成正比,各模組沒有明顯區別,模組間也可互相學習。</span></span></div>
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<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 創造數位新皮質中最難的部分就是大腦如何認知與學習,因為人工智慧的學習需要剖析到最基本的單位。所謂學習,在資訊工程領域就是一種演算法,人類的學習也亦然。當某個模式辨識器喪失或弱化,即可由其他種類的模式辨識器替代其功能,例如失明的人,雖然他們的視覺模式辨識模組有問題,但因處理視覺與聽覺的辨識器具有同樣的演算法,就可彼此替代。Kurzweil 以對達爾文適者生存理論影響深遠的英國地質學家萊爾,解釋其模式辨識器經過長期演化,會達到最適化的論點:在十九世紀中期,萊爾提出大峽谷是滴水穿石形成,當時其他人嗤之以鼻,認為大峽谷應是由一次很大的撞擊而形成,但他的觀點到現在都獲得大家的認同。就如峽谷的生成,人類也是漸漸的演變呈現在的模樣。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">模擬大腦</span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 林教授首先指出,當今頂尖實驗室裡模擬大腦的實驗,在模擬前需要知道人腦裡面的作用,如神經元連結的方式,而這些研究員也將之以高顯擬的相機呈現,其中藍腦計畫是掃描神經組織、模擬新皮質與皮質數。 Kurzweil 接著帶入機器學習以及功能性演算法與分子模擬大腦,而機器學習較近似於功能性演算法。接下來 Kurzweil 提及神經網絡連結論與感知論,但重點還是在連結論:模式辨識模組之間的學習是由模組與模組之間的連結而來。雖然早在 1970 年就有人發現此 理論,但是當時卻無法奠基於其上有更進一步的發明,因此就被閒置在一邊,直到 Kurzweil 將其與語音辨識模組結合。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">向量量化</span></span></span></div>
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<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Kurzweil 認為做人工智慧有幾個方法,其一就是向量量化,也就是將複雜的東西以數據的方式簡化,使不變特徵提升,將多維度的東西變為一維度,因為數據愈簡化,其不變特徵愈明顯。不變特徵指的是在語音與圖像辨識時,不管怎麼變動都能保留下來的特徵。例如:如何讓電腦知道這是一個蘋果,不是一個橘子呢?蘋果的不變特徵包含它是圓形以及是紅色,但在此牽涉到如何使之程式化。一開始是由工程師寫程式、設定參數與執行指令,但之後發現效果並不好,因為人類會忽略許多自己並不察覺的特徵。因此,當設計好的程式按照人類給予的指令執行時,其效果不佳。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">隱藏式馬可夫模型</span></span></span></div>
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<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 林教授解釋隱藏式馬可夫模型是理想機器辨識與學習的一個方法。Kurzweil 認為隱藏式馬可夫模型加上遺傳演算法(Genetic algorithm)可達到語音辨識最好的成效。遺傳演算法是模擬生物的演化過程中,基因裡面會達到一個最適合生存與複製的方式。隱藏式馬可夫模型的原理與人類層級思考模型一樣的:「模型與模型間可產生辨識與連結,例如「當我們感知到『A』、『P』、『P』還有『L』時,『APPLE』模式就預測我們會看到『E』,並觸發目前預期的『E』模式」(86)。神經元會往下傳遞訊息,而下一個視覺模式辨識器在接收到後就會散發訊號。如此,由一連串的模式辨識器所構成的閱讀模式,就可運用在程式語言中。例如「我很心酸」四個字,打出「我」之後,機器就會預測接下來可能出現「很」或「不」,若是繼續打出「不」可能會出現「我不喜歡」。因此若有常打的字句,人工智慧就會記住,這些字句也就會頻繁地出現。但若電腦是第一次聽到此句,系統便無法預測,因為尚未納入統計值,因此若是在資金與數據的量不夠大時,系統內會形成一個惡性循環,可是若上傳給它夠多的數據(data)就能讓電腦愈來愈有辨識度。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 電腦的計算有兩種方式,一種由工程師寫程式輸入電腦,像是有一位老師教學,另一個方式是電腦自我學習,但效率不高,因此大部分還是一開始由工程師研發出一些通用的規則給電腦,然後再用電腦自主學習的數據達到最適化,因為「系統有能力像生物新皮質那樣,自行設計本身的層級結構」(209)。此類大部分使用的就是隱藏式馬可夫模型。為什麼稱作是隱藏?因為我們不知道大腦裡面怎麼運作的。利用數學方法,即便我們無法直接進入說話者的大腦,實際上幾乎是 在計算說話者新皮質內部的活動。因此隱藏式馬可夫模型為一個成功機率的機率值(probabilistic statistic),一個輸入值號召出一個輸出值。林教授舉例,當呂老師說「我很心酸」時,這是一個輸出值,但我們不知道呂老師的大腦層級系統如何讓她講出這句話,因為尚未有進入大腦進行掃描的科技。但即使我們不知道大腦是怎麼輸出這句話,仍可利用層級回推的方式,計算說話者新皮質值內部活動。因此,隱藏式馬可夫模型的用意就是利用數學方法,即便無法進入說話者的大腦,但可以從輸出值往回推出說話者的輸入值,並在其中盡量將輸出的答案最適化,以獲得最高的準確率。不管是語音辨識、圖像辨識、氣象預報或是掃地機器人,都需要給予輸入值,並以層級模式計算。因此 Kurzweil 總歸「華生電腦與人類都是層級統計分析的機器」(226)。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">電腦意識、自由意志、身份問題(Identity)</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">I. 電腦意識</span></span></span></div>
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<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 電腦有意識嗎?Kurzweil 這部分寫得太囉唆,不乾脆。但機器有無意識是個很難回答的問題,因為意識無法被明確定義。意識與自由意志一樣,無法捕捉;其概念類似 emergence。Kurzweil 認為意識非與生俱來,而是演化而來的,就好像人會慢慢演化出意識,有一天電腦就像人,會逐漸演化出意識。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">II. 自由意志</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 人工智慧電腦到底有沒有自由意志呢?我們都認為 freedom 與 determinism 是相對的概念,被決定的就沒有自由。但 Kurzweil 認為不全然如此。他認為人類命運即使被決定,還是保有自由。Kurzweil 從細胞自動機的理論舉例來說:宇宙為一巨大的細胞自動機,宇宙的未來狀態是被決定,但也同時是不可知的。這個說法與 Kurzweil 之前提到的「不完整理論」相通:即使人類命運會滅亡,我們也完全不知是以什麼形式與時間滅亡。因此即使被決定,仍是不可知的,我們在其中仍能實行自由意志。相同地,人工智慧也是有自由意志與自我意識的。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">III. 身份問題</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Kurzweil 認為若從現在起,每半年就汰換一次身體的器官,到七十歲時,沒有一個器官會是原本自己的。林教授問:這樣你還是你嗎?Kurzweil 的答案是肯定的,因為本體存在延續性。林教授舉例,假設有個科技造出與老師一模一樣的人,此複製人又偷了老師的身份去教書和演講,當老師自己把複製人除掉時並不算是謀殺。從 Kurzweil 角度來看,複製人與慢慢汰換器官到七十歲的本體,是一模一樣的道理。Kurzweil 提出此問題是在回應電腦的人工智慧電腦,是否最終會 取代人類而爆發的身份危機問題,但是 Kurzweil 認為就算人體部分(器官)被替代,本體(自我身份)依然存在,因為具有延續性。</span></span></div>
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<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 雖然 Kurzweil 對於大腦新皮質與語言學習間的關聯解釋得很有說服力,但是林教授認為除了語言,人類應該還有其他方面深受大腦新皮質影響。例如想像力要如何解釋呢?此部分應隸屬新皮質,而非舊腦。Kurzweil 雖有提到莫札特、貝多芬與其他文學人,但 Kurzweil 主要仍以自己公司做的語音辨識為例證。再者,雖然 Kurzweil 在書的開始提出許多有趣的論點,包括書本標題也引人入勝(How to Create a Mind: A Secret to Reveal Human Thought),但在內文中卻沒有詳加解釋,因此林教授認為此書的唯一缺憾是不免顯得有些頭重腳輕。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 林教授接著指出,一個重大理論若是太早提出是不行的,因為技術還不到位。像是在十七世紀提出人腦有共同演算法是沒有用的,因為沒有科技來證實。但若太晚提出也不行,因為會成為老生常談。剛好在 Kurzweil 所處的 1950 年代,資訊電腦學興起,當時的數學家 John von Neumann 的成就在於 1950 年代提出人類大腦的運算,基本上等同於電腦的運算,這也是後來腦神經科學證實的,雖然當時他能運用的資源很少。到 2000 年,Kurzweil 認為人工智慧的發展技術點已成熟,因此能造出電腦此運算機器,像華生電腦能回答各種益智遊戲的問題。到如今研發數位新皮質的速度是一直在迅速提升的,Kurzweil 預言:「我們會研究出一種人造新皮質,在功能和變通性上都跟人類大腦新皮質極為相似。想想這種人造新皮質有什麼好處:電子線路運行的速度會比生物線路快上幾百萬倍。雖然一開始,我們必須用速度來彌補電腦對平行運算的相對缺乏,但是最後,數位新皮質還是會比生物多樣性發展得更快,而且速度方面只會持續提升」(169)。Kurzweil 期待若自己能稍微活得久一點,撐過 singularity 的年代,到 2040 年,結合未來醫學數位新皮質複製大腦的技術,掃描上傳自己的大腦,就能一直活下去。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-position: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: "times new roman" , "times" , serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 最後林教授呼應這次「數位新皮質」的超人類主義的主題,說道因為 Kurzweil 對宗教與哲學也頗有涉獵,因此即使與 Kurzweil 立場不同,讀起他的書來也頗愉快。Kurzweil 樂觀的認為「我們可以賦予數位新大腦一個更雄心壯志的目標,就是讓世界變得更美好。當然,這個目標會引發許多問題:對誰來說,世界變得更美好?在哪一方面更美好?是為人類?還是為所有有意識的生物?若是這樣,那麼誰才有意識?意識又是什麼呢?」(235)。就算有這些待解的疑問,身為科技的樂觀主義者,在 Kurzweil 眼裡,人工智慧的前途看似一片光明。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">議題一:大腦形體的必要性?</span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 楊乃女教授提問數位新皮質是否企圖將人類的大腦數位化?又是否可以將意識儲存在一個 cyberspace,類似於一個插在人腦上的電腦記憶體(隨身碟)?呂奇芬教授回應 Kurzweil 的意思較不是去談一個新的電腦置入人的體內,而是要如何創造出一個超強電腦取代舊型人類,而非改良現有的人類。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 林建光教授接著解釋數位新皮質是由電腦製作,是一個可以存取在雲端的資料運算模組,是沒有形體的。林教授也打趣說若是要將大腦意識隨身攜帶,也許還是要一個形體,取決於其功能性。但對 Kurzweil 而言,重點是大腦數位化的技術已經存在,而且科技的進步是不可逆的。無論 2020 年是否會發生第三次世界大戰,從 19 世紀發生許多事情,有人說會發生飢荒、戰爭、颱風,但完全無損於技術的指數型成長。另一方面,林教授也認同對 Kurzweil 來說,將資訊與記憶體放在什麼樣的 body 身上是次要的問題,因為基本上 Kurzweil 認為 body 並不重要。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 涂銘宏教授補充 Kurzweil 對人類記憶體是否在腦內或體內,甚至與意志結合的可能性都是抱持開放的角度:Kurzweil 要呈現的是現今的科技已能達到此技術,但要如何運用,並其與未來科技會產生怎樣的火花,Kurzweil 並未多加闡述。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">議題二:高端與低端(弱的)人工智慧</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 涂銘宏教授提出相對於 Kurzweil 以西方本位思考的強大超能人工智慧,Kurzweil 忽略還存在其他種類的人工智慧因應人類的不同需要,「弱的機器人」就是其中一種。涂教授認為弱能機器人與 Kurzweil 高度演算、菁英式的智能機器人是剛好相反的。岡田美智男一本直譯的日文書籍「弱的機器人的思考」中,他提出「弱的人工智慧」之概念。透過他自己製作的一個形狀奇怪、晃來晃去想撿垃圾但又撿不大起來的撿垃圾機器人,他希望能激起人類的同情,願意幫忙機器人將垃圾撿起來,丟在它裡面,如此人與機器就能產生互補的功效。因此是否機器愈笨,人反而能更聰明?因為能製造一個空間,讓人能置入感情,以此互補。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 另一個關於「弱的機器人」的例子,見於某個日本節目中有一台除濕機,如果一直按它,就會出現一個隱藏版的功能,告訴人們不要再按了。涂教授認為也許「弱的機器人」的商機更大,因為過於高等的人類新皮質,可能只有世界上幾個富豪付擔得起。因此涂教授認為也許我們需要發展的不是 Kurzweil 所謂的高端、跨時代,超越人類的思考的機器人,而是用在家電、陪伴、情感補充,長照型態的機器人。也許呆萌、不會過度計算的機器人,才能讓人類處在最舒服的狀態,因為人類對比他聰明的東西會產生戒心,反而會抗拒過度聰明的機器人。因此「不強」的人工智慧似乎反而比「強」的人工智慧更能在情感上陪伴人類,成為人類的數位情感夥伴。相對於 Kurzweil 所代表的普世、西方菁英、高等智慧的人工智能,這世界上似乎還存在著其他不同種類的人工智能是 Kurzweil 提出的框架所不能納入的。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 呂奇芬教授指出當人工智能瞭解人類喜歡比它更弱小無助的個體,這個人工智慧本身就已經有很高的智慧了,因為它能瞭解人類的心靈需求。呂教授接著提出也許可以透過結合高度演算與情感勞務型的機器人,將涂教授所說的低端與高端科技連結連結在一起。因為此種機器人不僅需要有充分的語料庫來掌握人類的各種情緒,還要能偵測人類的身體並做出適當的反應:例如機器人可以在人類憤怒的時候偵測到人身體會發熱、血壓上升,並運用語料庫的資料以和緩的語氣告訴人類要怎麼冷靜下來。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">議題三:Kurzweil 式人工智慧的排他性</span></span></span></div>
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<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 涂銘宏教授請大家試想若 Kurzweil 製造的是一個科學怪人式的人工新皮質,產出的是否就是一個西方菁英式的高等智慧複製人,而無法照顧到其他地方不同層次的記憶、運算、思考的人類?Kurzweil 所提及的藍腦計畫與大腦新皮質是否僅只複製於一些特定的對象。再者,Kurzweil 的製作模式若移往其他國家地區是 否會連科學怪人都製造不成?Kurzweil 的語音辨識需要多國高端科技介入協助深入各地區汲取當地的語音,但若一國的總統不支持高科技的發展,可能會造成發展不對等的結果。雖然 Kurzweil 強調全球化,但似乎無法顧及一些特定區域的要素,或許 Kurzweil 的演算法無法跨國、跨文化使用。如此一來,可能無法如 Kurzweil 所想的達成他所期待的一個全球化的烏托邦。語音辨識牽涉到語言與文化的差異,因此 Kurzweil 提及的藍腦計畫是否只能服膺於專屬西方的思考模式?此西方高等智慧的思考模式又是否能照顧到屬於「低等智慧」的族群呢?</span></span></div>
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<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 林建光教授回應 Kurzweil 的確是對於地方性的問題較沒有那麼關注。Kurzweil 的思維是把世界簡單、數據化,使之成為可以演算的,較令人害怕的是他的強國思維。如此一比較,台灣若要發展人工智慧,仍有一段相當長遠的路要走。但另一方面,就如同松尾豐所說的,基本上 Kurzweil 認為機器人不會對人類造成傷害,因為製作出取代人類的機器人難度仍太高。在人工智慧的研究裡面,Kurzweil 屬極端的樂觀派,但身為讀者的我們並不需要歌頌他,可對他採取批判的角度。</span></span></div>
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<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">議題四:人工智慧中的語音辨識</span></span></span></div>
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<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 涂銘宏教授分享一個日本的研究團隊,在東京奧運後要製作一個語音辨識器做即席翻譯,讓外國人去日本使用,但是此辨識器對於台灣國語中不同的腔調都有很大的誤差。因此想知道語音辨識真如 Kurzweil 說的這麼厲害嗎?因為連日本團隊的語音辨識器因著台灣北中南不同的口音,有很多日常對話重要的關鍵字都測不出來。因此,是否語音辨識真如 Kurzweil 講的這麼好,還是如此好與強大的語音辨識功能仍有其地域性的差異?</span></span></div>
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<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 呂奇芬教授以自身的經驗針對語音辨識中的 syntax 進行闡述。一個語音辨識要強,須以 syntax 為核心,接下來須收集各地區的語音的語料,合併後就是語音辨識法。為什麼光是達成建構 syntax 這一步就很不容易呢?舉例來說:「你很心酸」,這四個字,因為層級式的辨識法則,念到「你很心」時就會辨識成「你狠心」。因此語音辨識的核心首先需要夠強,才能瞭解在每個語言中將字組成詞的能力,而目前語音辨識在現階段已做得臻於完善。</span></span></div>
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<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 呂教授認為也許在一開始能先設計一個堪用的核心運作模式,因為隨著智能語音手機愈來愈普遍,使用者所上傳的語音資料庫會愈來愈大,在此同時,當更多人加入使用,每一天就能提供更多數據,將會對語音的在地化更有幫助。例如每個地區所流行的流行語、最當紅的明星名字,很快就能在語音辨識中發現。因此語音在地化發展的速度是比傳統字典更快的。另外,現在的智能語音助手在美 國與中國是愈來愈普遍的,因為造價非常低,所以能深入到許多偏鄉,收集各地的方言,這是當初幫忙設計的語言學家或科學家沒有辦法做到的,因此,她覺得語音辨識的在地化是相當前景可期的。</span></span></div>
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<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 涂銘宏教授回應語料的收集的確很重要,但若「心酸」此語音是台灣國語,那要辨別「心酸」的主要問題是字音,而非 syntax。雖然語音科技於未來一定會有所突破,但既然日本的跨時代尖端產品都無法照料到 syntax 之外的問題,想必各地區發展不均等的問題也將因運而生。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 對於上述的討論,林建光教授回應 Kurzweil 主要觸及的人工智慧還是以語音辨識為主。對於每個人都有不同的口音,同一個音的發音都不一樣此問題,若是所取的樣本、數據夠大,電腦就可以自行演算出最適化後的結果,電腦辨識的能力也會提高許多。</span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">議題五:人類真為「萬物之靈」,或是可經由演算被輕易複製與取代?</span></span></span></div>
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<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 邱彥斌教授提問 Kurzweil 寫這本書的目的為何?是否對大腦的定義過於簡化?因為用演算來解釋人大腦並不能解釋人類學習較 flexible 的部分,因為人類學習語言各有不同方式。邱教授更指出 Kurzweil 為書下的標題的動詞是 How to "Create" a Mind,非「Duplicate」。因此可推論也許複製只是創造大腦的其中一個階段。再者,Kurzweil 使用不定冠詞「a」,所指非特定一個腦,因此 Kurzweil 是否在對人類心靈進行批判?</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 楊乃女教授從人類歷史、社會結構的角度,對 Kurzweil 忽略人類生物性,只用數學性的演算方式看待人腦問題提出批判。呂奇芬教授贊同楊教授所提人類大腦有其局限性,並以 Kurzweil 所提的生物基質(substrate)補充說明:「構成我本體的模式連續性並不依賴基質。生物基質是美妙的,它已讓人類有相當大的進展,但我們基於一些充分理由,正在創造一個更有能力也更持久的基質」(321)。除了人腦的局限性,廖勇超教授認為 Kurzweil 也忽略了生物的物質性,將演算法視為人類大腦唯一功能。他點出演算法具有排他性,但是當精神分析的無意識(unconscious)突然浮現時,難道不會牴觸演算的邏輯?又電腦的演算法能否明白超現實主義畫家雷內.格利特的作品「這不是一個煙斗」(This is Not a Pipe)所呈現的言外之意呢?對於廖教授的疑問,周俊男教授回應精神分析用科學的方式來討論能量的輸出與輸入流,以此了解介質的機制,就沒有那麼複雜。周教授補充詢問,誰能判斷人工智能是否已到達人腦的程度是個值得反思的問題。而誰又能判斷人的智能到什麼程度呢?</span></span></div>
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<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 林建光教授首先回應楊乃女教授的提問,指出 Kurzweil 也在人腦的生物性 與數學性推論的過程中,思考用腦神經科學的發展人工智慧是否適用。Kurzweil 選用邏輯而非經驗論證方式推導的方法是由新皮質內成功的機率去演算,試著去推導出人類語言中正確的語意,其中也為了提高準確度,常刻意去騷擾系統,讓系統的正確率提高。但林教授也覺得從數學性的角度解釋人類行為有待商榷,也指出因此美國當前有設立倫理委員會以促進科學與人文間的討論與對話。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span></span></div>
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<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 林建光教授接著回應 Kurzweil 的目的並非複製人腦,而是藉由瞭解人腦,針對人類尚待解決的問題,採取最適當的行動,加速增進人類的福祉。在應用上,他並無特定說法。複製的意思只是人工智慧的形像狀似大腦,但充其量只是個手段,最終目的是為了讓人類更好。</span></span></div>
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<div class="font_8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">林教授認為也許應該回到一個哲學問題:到底什麼是智能?因為以人類的運算能力是贏不過電腦的。但是要在什麼基礎上比較呢?又什麼是意識?因為意識無法清楚定義,因此我們無法判定電腦是否有沒有意識。另一個困難的問題是就算能將人腦的能力轉變成演算能力,但人的演算能力是不可能超越電腦的。因此當牽扯到自由意志、創造力、想像力時,人類是很容易被超越的。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Kurzweil 主要是提出一個理論面的說明,透過演算法算出人工智慧在實務上的可行性,但在應用面端看各方自行運用。因為在人工智慧的研究中牽涉大筆資金,如 Kurzweil 的研究是有國防目的的,因此若沒有商業上的資助,做其研究幾乎是不可能。Kurzweil 的優點是他在理論之外,有很強的實務經驗,因此表達清楚,讓外行人閱讀其作都能理解。他的做法雖是有其局限性,但不可否認的是他所提的共同演算法是優良的,而目前人工智慧的發展也是朝他所提出的提升目標物的不變特徵進行改良。目前人文學者談論人工智慧顯得有些空洞,但透過 Kurzweil 在理論與實務上的說明,也許能幫助人文學者們對人工智慧的討論更加豐富。</span></span><br />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "georgia" , "palatino" , "book antiqua" , "palatino linotype" , serif; font-size: 16px;">(原文刊載於中華民國比較文學學會電子報第 30 期 </span><span style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "georgia" , "palatino" , "book antiqua" , "palatino linotype" , serif; font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://claroc100.wixsite.com/newsletter30/1">https://claroc100.wixsite.com/newsletter30/1</a>)</span></span></span></div>
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Alice Ming-fang Chenghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08025697371365187143noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146317341119107296.post-14363285585378835322019-10-27T16:00:00.000-07:002019-10-27T16:00:01.373-07:00媒介(Mediation)研讀班 第十場:「一」的數位性 活動紀錄<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Alice Ming-fang Chenghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08025697371365187143noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146317341119107296.post-20908445708346333722019-10-03T02:43:00.001-07:002019-10-03T02:43:19.416-07:00媒介(Mediation)研讀班 第十場:「一」的數位性 活動公告<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">獲科技部人社中心經費補助之媒介(Mediation)研讀班第十場,即將於10月26日(週六)下午2:00-5:00在<span style="color: #222222;">國立臺灣師範大學雲和街教學大樓201室</span>舉行,研讀主題為「『<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">一』的數位性</span>」。導讀人為<span style="font-family: , serif;">淡江大學英文學系</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">涂銘宏</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">副教授</span>,主持人為<span style="font-family: , serif;">國立政治大學英文系邱彥彬</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">副教授</span>。歡迎踴躍報名參加!</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">【地點】國立臺灣師範大學雲和街教學大樓201室(雲和街1號,校本部校園後方)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Hlk7377892"></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk7377892;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">【日期】</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk7377892;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk3992879;"></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Hlk20342063"></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk20342063;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">108/10/26</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk17905724;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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Alice Ming-fang Chenghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08025697371365187143noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146317341119107296.post-61699413852737127942019-09-22T09:29:00.000-07:002019-09-25T07:47:34.583-07:00媒介(Mediation)研讀班 第九場:數位性思維,及其文學體現 活動紀錄<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Alice Ming-fang Chenghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08025697371365187143noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146317341119107296.post-10187108246747161222019-08-28T02:59:00.000-07:002019-09-25T07:47:26.551-07:00媒介(Mediation)研讀班 第九場:數位性思維,及其文學體現 活動公告<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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獲科技部人社中心經費補助之媒介(Mediation)研讀班第九場,即將於9月21日(週六)下午2:00-5:00在<span style="color: #222222; font-family: , serif;">國立臺灣大學校史館一樓外文系會議室</span>舉行,研讀主題為「<span style="font-family: , serif;">數位性思維及其文學體現</span>」。導讀人為<span style="font-family: , serif;">國立臺灣大學外文系</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">陳春燕</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">副教授</span>,主持人為<span style="font-family: , serif;">淡江大學英文學系</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">涂銘宏</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">副教授</span>。歡迎踴躍報名參加!<br />
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">【地點】<span style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">國立臺灣大學校史館一樓外文系會議室</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Hlk7377892"></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk7377892;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">【日期】</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk7377892;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk3992879;"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">108/09/21 (</span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk17905724;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">六</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk17905724;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk17905724;"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">【時間】</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">1400-1700<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">導讀人:<span style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">陳春燕</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk533345538;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> (</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk533345538;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國立臺灣大學外文系副教授</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk533345538;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk533345538;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">主持人:<span style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">涂銘宏</span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk533345538;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> (</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk533345538;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">淡江大學英文學系副教授</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk533345538;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">研讀主題:</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Hlk2441762"></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk2441762;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">數位性思維,及其文學體現</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk17905813;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk2441762;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">書名:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Franklin, Seb. <i><span style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Control: Digitality as Cultural Logic</span></i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">. The MIT Press, 2015.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">範圍:</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">第一、四章</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">※活動報名系統網址:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><a href="https://forms.gle/E99KdVB9BJv7NK626">https://forms.gle/E99KdVB9BJv7NK626</a></span></div>
Alice Ming-fang Chenghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08025697371365187143noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146317341119107296.post-56815666231212629872019-08-22T08:48:00.002-07:002019-09-25T07:47:17.111-07:00媒介(Mediation)研讀班 第八場:數位主體與文本身體的「媒介間際」 活動紀錄<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Alice Ming-fang Chenghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08025697371365187143noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146317341119107296.post-77523811205674972102019-08-14T18:30:00.000-07:002020-05-12T21:43:29.103-07:00媒介(Mediation)研讀班 第四場:魔童:小怪物與「去可愛」政治 活動側記<div>
<b>撰稿/國立高雄師範大學英語系碩士班莊喭中</b></div>
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主題:魔童:小怪物與「去可愛」政治</div>
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導讀書目:Schober, Adrian. <i>Possessed Child Narratives in Literature and Film: Contrary States</i>. (Ch. 1); Vallone, Lynne. <i>Big and Small: A Cultural History of Extraordinary Bodies</i>. (Introduction)</div>
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研讀範圍:Chapter 1 in <i>Possessed Child</i>; Introduction in <i>Big and Small</i>.</div>
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導讀人:呂奇芬(國立高雄師範大學英語學系教授)</div>
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主持人/與談人:黃涵榆(國立台灣師範大學英語學系教授)</div>
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主辦:科技部人文社會科學研究中心、中華民國比較文學學會</div>
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時間:108 年 4 月 20 日(週六)</div>
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地點:高雄師範大學和平校區圖書館一樓演講室</div>
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主辦單位:中華民國比較文學協會、科技部人文社會科學研究中心、高師英語系</div>
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呂教授在當日演講內容中,主要探討的是,藉由當代東西方的影劇通俗作品文化中,觀看附魔附身的五花八門與三教九流,與跨文化中附魔文化的各種社會隱喻。呂教授首先清楚定義兩個著魔的名詞,即 obsession 與 possession。</div>
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Obsession 所指涉的著魔中,惡魔與靈體是存在於宿主、被入侵者、被附魔者體外,並從外持續負向干擾宿主的行為與思緒。而 possession 所指涉的附魔,惡魔與靈體在實際與本質上,是確實住宿於宿主、被入侵者、被附魔者體內,從內而外控制、霸佔、影響著宿主的一切感官認知與動能、強烈壓迫抑制宿主的意識與精神。第一個明顯的附魔特質是徹底篡改宿主的自由意識,使宿主身旁的人明顯感覺到宿主判若兩人,不是原來認識的宿主;呂教授更指出,附魔最重要的第二個特質是藉由本土文化詮釋(indigenous interpretation)所創造出來的獨特附魔文化意義,附魔現象在不同的文化體系,不同的變項中,人們依據著自己本土文化的意識形態,去解讀被附魔者的身心異常,去探討附魔者的詭辯背後的意義與成因,這些附魔的認知與解讀依附著個人與集體不同文化脈絡的轉譯而有著不同的解決策略與象徵意義。附魔的第二個特質,可以看成是一種多重決定論的附體現象,在不同時代文化脈絡、不同學科領域、不同知識論脈絡中,錯綜複雜共同交織而成的一個附魔文本。</div>
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呂教授更指出,附魔現象文本的本土文化詮釋可以從三面向著手探討,首先是跨文化觀的附魔現象,在不同文化脈絡中,東方與西方就存在著明顯的附魔差異與特色。在東西方對於附魔的共同觀點來說,大部分都相信每個個體都會有某種程度的風險,會暫時性、長久性,或是永久性地被另一個靈體佔領與侵蝕,因此在東西方的民間信仰中,進而使得東西方的凡人對世界觀人生觀產生不同的理解,包括附魔的形式與驅魔的方法也不盡相同。在台灣賣座的恐怖電影《紅衣小女孩》第三集中,人面魚所代表的就是民間鄉野奇談中的附魔現象,該被附魔的對象既不是孩童也不是成人,而是游移在溪流中的魚群。民間傳說中,人們相信驅除厄運與邪靈,其中有效的方法是將惡靈引導至魚群身上,再將魚群炸死,惡靈因受困於魚群身體內,也隨之炸裂而消失,不再侵擾人類。在韓國電影《黑祭司》中,驅魔祭司的輔佐人員抱著一隻豬,將惡魔附著於豬隻身上,並行至漢江,而後將豬隻丟入河中使之沉水溺斃。呂教授指出,韓國電影附魔於豬隻的故事場景,再再顯示兩種跨文化的附魔現象融合,黑祭司的附魔豬隻其實與西方聖經產生互文性,依據聖經經文,耶穌曾經被邀請前往惡靈肆意橫行的偏地進行驅魔,而耶穌的驅魔策略正是將惡靈趕往豬圈,豬隻們於是變得集體抓狂,跳入懸崖致死。呂教授根據台灣《紅衣小女孩》第三集與韓國《黑祭祀》所做出的附魔評論中,認為這兩種將邪惡靈體驅趕至動物驅體上,並藉由同歸於盡而使得惡靈被消滅的方式,完全罔顧動物基本福利權益,道教體系中的斬首雞頭與黑狗血,完全犧牲動物生命,驅魔程序應該要能符合新時代正義的轉型,重視動物福利。</div>
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另外,呂教授也指出,在附魔文化中,附魔通常被視為邪惡異常,應該立即驅除,立即恢復人性靈的本體才能符合普世善良風俗正道,但在台灣的文化脈絡中,台南的虎爺、乩童文化卻被視為具有神聖性、救贖性,個體因為神靈的附身,而能夠發揮極致的正義、良善的智慧與拯救人間苦難;反觀西方卻鮮少有視附魔為正義化身的型態。在西方,最著名的附魔文化以《大法師》為經典代表,由於排除了所有科學醫學的根據與診治,於是開始懷疑異常的個體為附魔現象,開始訴諸於天主教,企圖從天主教的儀式、聖經經文、法器來驅魔。以墨西哥為背景的電影《哭泣的女人》中,也展現了西方鄉野間的附魔現象,電影中哭泣的女人不停掠奪別人的小孩來換取自己當年死於溺斃的小孩的生命,而這樣的犧牲他人靈體以換取另一靈體,顯然與東方台灣俗稱的「抓交替」雷同。後來電影中的人們,延請了薩滿巫師,使用鼠尾草、檀香、雞蛋作為驅魔道具來驅逐哭泣的女人。</div>
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附魔現象文本的本土文化詮釋中,第二個面向為跨學科領域的解讀。附魔現象,不只在傳統印象中的宗教學、靈學、民俗學中被觸及,尚可結合醫學與科學的觀點來探析附魔。在精神醫學方面,附魔一直被視為一種精神疾病,一種精神官能的失能,藉由科學醫療儀器的診斷,附魔可以是歇斯底里,可以是精神官能症,也可以是解離性人格狀態。而這樣的跨學科領域觀點的解讀,在東方的影視文化中常常呈現該打破疆界的觀點。韓國的《驅魔神衣》,即是靈學與醫學合作,共同打擊惡魔靈體,男主角是正統天主教司祭,女主角是醫學外科醫師,而男女主角的相愛與親密合作,正隱喻著靈學醫學的相互輔佐,以抵抗靈體。另一部《The Guest》,則是涉獵了三個領域,劇情主人翁為驅魔三人小組,其中一人為正統羅馬天主教司祭,一人為行動矯健的女警,另一名為韓國巫師家庭的後裔。每當遇到附魔的案例,這三個人便整合彼此的專業,融合宗教學、醫學與警政學來解決附魔現象的暴力與衝突。另一部《熱血司祭》,男主角的背景是國情院反恐特級隊菁英兼任特警司令部特工,一個人身兼靈界與軍警界,雙重防線打擊人間的犯罪與靈間的惡行,左手使勁十字架,右手揮舞鐵拳,企圖在靈界與人藉間捍衛正義與維持圓滿的和平。還有一部《黑祭司》,電影中靈學與醫學的合作,從故事的濫觴到結局都只處理一個大邪靈附魔於一名少女的案件。醫師負責對抗少女的身體孱弱,驅魔司祭則負責養豬以制服惡魔。以上幾部韓國影視著作皆是以跨學科領域的觀點來詮釋附魔現象,而該種詮釋的觀點與題材在西方至今仍然沒有這樣的組合,靈界與醫界各司其職,靈界的專家負責靈魂的救贖與保護,醫學的專家運用精密的醫療器材監控受害者、被附魔者的生命跡象與徵狀,來確保身體健康與安全的無虞。</div>
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附魔現象文本的本土文化詮釋中,第三個面向為不同時代的兒童觀對於附魔現象的解讀。</div>
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針對孩童的本質而言,在十七世紀的喀爾文教派與清教徒價值體系中,含有濃厚的原罪觀,他們認為小孩甫從誕生起就背負著原罪,夾帶著汙染的靈魂與邪惡心智的萌芽降世而生。該宗教原罪觀深深影響著當時對兒童的教養撫育觀,重視後天道德的塑造,透過各式的規訓期望能夠抑制與抵抗體內原初的邪惡本質,強化後天道德的真善美以征服邪惡。到了十八世紀末,盧梭的著作《愛彌兒》與十九世紀初的浪漫主義文學中,開始反轉以往的原罪觀,對兒童是不潔淨,生而邪惡的概念開始反動,這時期的人們認為,兒童是天真的、純真的、至善的、美好的,人們理想化與神聖化兒童的質地與狀態,勾勒出合乎完美純淨的兒童童年想像,並努力試圖維護孩童的天性,使其天性不因社會化而遭到污染與摧毀。</div>
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史蒂芬金的第一本著作《魔女嘉麗》,便是以第一種兒童原罪觀來解釋附魔現象的作品,故事中的母親是一名極端宗教狂熱的教徒,懷有病態的道德潔癖與性潔癖,在她的眼眸中,自己的親生女兒,因為有了特殊的超能力而被視為是魔鬼的印記,甚至連女兒身體自然的青春期初經、異性戀的色慾動力與吸引,都被自己的母親視為是惡魔的誘惑。當警覺到自己的女兒快要難以控制時,便以變態的方式監禁之,處罰之,凌虐之,這所顯現出來的無不是惡魔正在腐蝕兒童天性,摧殘兒童真善美的恐懼。當母親感覺到教養無力,便開始尋找代罪羔羊,將所有的罪過與無能都歸罪於不確定的惡魔靈體,並一味相信只要驅魔成功便會恢復如初的美好。</div>
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另一部文學作品則是亨利詹姆斯的《碧廬冤孽》,故事中描述一名視兩個小孩為至上聖嬰的女家教,將自己當成是一座塵世中最後的防線,紅塵間最堅固的堡壘,希冀抵禦邪靈玷汙孩童的純善之心,奮力保護其潔淨性。最後,孩子所呈現的卻是被動、去能、失能、甚至是無能,無異於溫室裡最羸弱的花朵。另一個附魔現象的解讀則是《大法師》,在電影的片頭,女童的母親是一位好萊塢女星,在片頭的場景是一小段的戲中戲,戲中戲中描述的是一場青少年的反動,女主角加入了學生的學運,活躍於校園示威與抗爭中,而當時抗爭的學生訴求為停止越戰與呼籲國防部勢力退出校園。這樣的一場戲中戲,反映出的是時代的混亂,青少年企圖將成人的世界推翻,奠定出新的秩序與之抗衡。以附魔的隱喻來看,難以掌控的時代奮青,不正是不受控制的孩童的身體與靈體。反權威與反主流的意識形態與動力,不正是隱喻附魔的狂妄與現象。當時的七零年代,正值青少年犯罪率飆升的時代,正也可以隱喻著青少年犯罪如同於附魔的表現、成人對於青少年的不安與兩代的緊張關係。在美國漢學專家孔飛力的著作《Soulstealers》中,也描述東方附魔兒童觀,孔飛力認為,在亞洲傳統觀念裡,對於兒童的身心疾病以及靈魂狀態,似乎兒童身心疾病很常以靈魂受到惡魔侵擾來詮釋。尤其在當代台灣,症狀諸如無精打采、煩躁不安、久病不癒,都歸罪於失魂,孩子在某個地方受到驚嚇,需要回到原地進行某種固定的儀式將魂魄招回來。這一點即是在指涉台灣道教的收驚。</div>
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從上述的電影、文學與史學的材料來看,東西方對於兒童靈魂狀態其實是不約而同,不外乎認為兒童做為意志軟弱的個體狀態,他的靈魂特別容易受到外力靈體的掌控,孩童是被動的、沒有自主與強大的自我。倘若以這樣的論述來總結東方兒童附魔觀的脈絡,在台灣當代的電影反而顯得矛盾,因為在台灣的電影當中,兒童、少男與少女幾乎清一色幾乎是強大自主的個體,並且具有撼動人世的超能,諸如紅衣小女孩與虎爺,而成年人不是陷入無能的中年危機,就是遭遇婚姻觸礁而產生失魂與失意,成人相對的,其靈魂反而更容易因現實社會的窘境與無奈而離體,此現象與孔飛力漢學的觀點並不一致。在韓國《黑祭司》當中,亦是如此,兒童也不是被動、脆弱沒有自我的個體,劇情中的少女自發性讓自己成為植物人,策畫以犧牲自我,將本我的肉體困住邪惡惡靈。故事末以跟惡魔戰鬥光榮戰死為結局,該殉教式與聖徒式的行為在在表現出當代小孩的獨立意志。</div>
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呂教授更進一步的探討,附魔現象反應出個人與集體的心靈記憶狀態:道德著魔、外來恐懼與喪失身分認同的害怕。在道德著魔中,附魔者宣稱的附魔症狀及驅魔者的驅魔儀式,反映的是人們的道德焦慮。由於人們過度深層壓抑性焦慮、性慾望、性恐懼,造成心理的自我否定,將自我否定厭棄的部分,投射成惡魔靈體,同時人們也懷有著一種驅魔慾望,希望能夠藉由驅魔的儀式將自己淨化與昇華,個人的完整性進而得到鞏固與加強。然而,倘若以道德著魔與自我否定來解釋小孩的附魔現象,並不符合邏輯,因為小孩身為一個身體與心智發育尚未完全的個體,還沒有成熟到足以進行自我否定,因此小孩的附魔現象其實暗喻著一個事實:常常舉報兒童附魔,將兒童推向驅魔儀式的都是大人,孩童的身體於是變成了大人自我驅魔的一個客體物件,企圖將視為家庭汙染源的小孩淨化,奪回對孩童的掌控權。</div>
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第二個面相是外來恐懼與喪失身分認同的害怕。既然附魔是外來的力量,外來的侵略本體,霸佔身體與侵蝕靈魂,我們可以視為這是一種隱喻,隱喻著排外、仇外、敵外、拒外、懼外的想法。七零年代的科幻片《Invasion of the Body Snatchers》即是描述外星人入侵,霸佔人類身體、靈魂與心智,控制人類思想,使身邊最親近的人已經不再是最親近的人,雖然外表保持不變,但其內在本質早已被外星勢力扭曲,而這正表示著失去原初自我與身分認同的危機與焦慮。</div>
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在孔飛力的《Soustealers》中,也曾經紀載一段史實,西元1768年乾隆33年間,江西地域開始盛傳偷魂的案件,法術道士竊取人類靈魂,讓人久病不起。這段紀載聽起來荒誕離奇,卻席捲全中國上下,連當時的皇帝對此事件也抱持著高度戒備的心態,嚴令官僚體系嚴辦徹查,找出何種妖怪與術士在使民間集體瘋狂。該段紀實的附魔文本,其實是一種政治隱喻,隱喻著人口外來勢力的敵視與擔憂。依據漢學家的見解,十八世紀中國人口過度成長,資源開始產生激烈的排擠與競爭,導致人們過度擔心原本可以證明自我的財富與社會地位恐怕會突然消失。當時大量的人口外移,沒有登記造冊的人口開始蠢蠢欲動,挑釁著官僚體系與挑戰清朝管理技術,而這些號稱可以竊魂的術士則大多來自於社會底層的勞工與乞丐。而在日本電影《散步侵略者》中,對於外來恐懼的處理則是有別於以往,電影情節中,女主角的老公有日出去散步時,不幸變成了外星人,外表雖是老公,心智卻已改變。該劇情仍然是以人類至今仍然很容易被入侵佔領為主軸,但是雖然容易被入侵,人類身體細胞的記憶卻可以同化外星人侵入內部的力量,外星人最後因為同化不但有著人類的溫暖也有著愛情與感情。此一附魔文本可謂創新,意味著外來勢力,不再二元對立,入侵即征服的概念,脫離零和遊戲,朝向融合與同化的過程。</div>
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最後,呂教授更探討台灣的 Rural Gothic。在台灣近代新興電影作品中,附魔的想法完全是東方式的,脫離了西方色彩,例如《粽邪》,描述在彰化一帶沿海,藉由送肉粽來送煞惡靈的儀式。電影中,附身者都市人與被附身者鄉下人都是來自於同一個偏僻農村的高中生,後來有一群沒辦法離開農村小環境去追求更寬廣未來的人留在原地生存,一群閨蜜與霸凌者去了遠方過著光鮮亮麗的生活,在都市的五光十色裡鮮少提及過往農村背景的鄉土來源。後來為了採訪粽邪儀式,採訪者回鄉取材,怨靈開始作祟,不讓離開前往都市發展者離開,並附身於遠嫁台北的女生身上,利用女生的新肉體離開鄉下去展開嶄新生活。該電影情節顯現出,鄉下人對都市人往往有種懷恨,有種被放棄被離開的委屈心態,並以一種倘若再次回來就不能再離開的忌妒心態,要離棄者付出代價,隱喻著長久以來被拋棄卻又被利用來支撐都市發展的農村區域,地域心理上的不平衡與怨懟。而另一部則是《失魂》,呂教授認為,此附魔電影蘊含著難以解讀的附魔現象與意義。電影描述一名南投鄉間的鄉下孩子,很早離開了南投家鄉,前往台北求生存。由於男主角靈魂在都市競爭與喧囂迷離的影響下,產生異常失魂與失去正常意識,而後被遣送回南投老家,男主角卻親手謀殺了自己親密友好的姊姊。</div>
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判若兩人的男主角面對自己的父親不停質問自己是誰?身在何處?為何在這個身體裡?而該電影處理失去魂魄與附魔現象,既不是以危機的觀點出發,也不是以異常狀態需要被排除的角度來處理,反而是以淡定、順其自然、尋常的態度來看待。理性的科學與醫學既沒有對男主角產生任何正向作用,片中也沒有任何宗教驅魔儀式來恢復男主角的心智。整部電影彷彿訴說著,附魔不見得是危機,也可以能是一種轉機,因為附魔的契機,導致於許久沒有溝通與交流的父子可以悠然共處,這是新的狀況,也是轉機。附魔的危機只要吸納進去原有的生活,附魔也可以是一個新常態,尋常的平凡生活。</div>
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在呂教授的演講之後,與會來賓與呂教授有許多精采的討論,以下依提問順序,列出問題及呂教授的回答。</div>
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<b>Q:附魔其他閱讀的可能性?</b></div>
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不同類型作品中所呈現出來的附魔現象,可以看出成人不僅一方面在過度崇拜小孩,聖化小孩,一方面也在魔化小孩,醜化小孩,隱藏著一種既戀又懼的雙重詭異心態。而這樣的心態與作品,不論是在東方與西方的文化脈絡中,都有警告性寓言的意味、集體焦慮與性別壓迫,如果說人們在影視作品中對於兒童的附魔現象顯現出高度的好奇與凝視,那麼成人中很可能都潛藏著凌虐小孩的戀童癖與扭曲慾望。</div>
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<b>Q:中西附魔跨文化的例子?</b></div>
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林正英系列電影中的《驅魔神探》,情節中有一個魔鬼即使主角單獨運用中國的木劍或是西方的十字架也無法征服魔鬼的靈體。電影的結局是主角依靠著中國木劍與西方十字架的兩者並用才致魔鬼於死地。這樣的情節正是中西附魔跨文化的例子,同時也顯現出香港的歷史文化背景脈絡,因為香港曾經被英國長期殖民。</div>
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<b>Q:恐怖電影的策略不得不讓中西混合,是不是因為恐怖元素耗盡?</b></div>
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當今電影中附魔身體的扭曲似乎已經是驚悚電影的老套路。現在驚悚電影遲遲沒有翻新,一味建立在身體的扭曲與家屋燃燒等場景中。對於恐怖的想像仍然是膚淺與太過於誇張亮麗,魔鬼與惡靈的樣貌莫不是完全為了驚嚇而驚嚇,宛如是萬聖節的道具派對。在西方似乎看到附魔作品的窘境,然而在韓國的作品中,我們卻可以看到多元性,韓劇不僅驅魔的元素橫跨中西文化,每一個附魔的案例還隱喻著對當今韓國社會的真實體察,體現出民間永遠有一個無法解決的窘境,每個附魔案件留下的盡是滿地惆悵。</div>
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<b>Q:孩童的概念</b></div>
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十七世紀之前,歐洲沒有「小孩」的概念,當時的人將小孩當作是小型的大人。純真、天真、孩童神話、真善美等與孩童有關的概念都是等到「童年」一詞發明後才應運而生。直到十九世紀才會有孩童概念。</div>
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<b>Q:《失魂》的電影解讀</b></div>
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之前所看到的驅魔驅魂的電影,盡是需要找到解決方法來挽回個體的身體與靈魂。方法無不是從精神分析、醫學與宗教儀式下手,但是《失魂》是少數電影針對附魔現象既不解釋也不排除,只是被動回歸到鄉間的塵土規律,這是否暗喻著原初土地力量本身有治療效果?而究竟驅魔該如何應對?在失魂中,對於惡靈既不是驅魔,也不是懲罰,也不是治療,也不是暴力,也不是宗教高高在上。電影結尾卻是將異常現象容納進土壤中,彷彿瘋狂和罪惡只是滄海一粟。不曉得這是不是都市人的想像或是過度偏見,對於異常者精神疾病的處理應該是要更加理性、主動與激進,而不是被動與逆來順受。</div>
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<span style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "georgia" , "palatino" , "book antiqua" , "palatino linotype" , serif; font-size: 16px;">(原文刊載於中華民國比較文學學會電子報第 29 期 </span><br />
<span style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "georgia" , "palatino" , "book antiqua" , "palatino linotype" , serif; font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://claroc100.wixsite.com/newsletter29/3-1">https://claroc100.wixsite.com/newsletter29/3-1</a></span><span style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "georgia" , "palatino" , "book antiqua" , "palatino linotype" , serif; font-size: 16px;">)</span></div>
Alice Ming-fang Chenghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08025697371365187143noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146317341119107296.post-53221380445262138292019-08-14T15:00:00.000-07:002020-05-12T21:43:13.870-07:00媒介(Mediation)研讀班 第三場:怪誕邪神宇宙中的怪胎情慾政治 活動側記<b> 撰稿・攝影/國立台灣大學外文系碩士班沈聿宣</b><br />
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主題:怪誕邪神宇宙中的怪胎情慾政治<br />
導讀書目:Everett, Justin, and Jeffrey Shanks, editors. <i>The Unique Legacy of Weird Tales: The Evolution of Modern Fantasy and Horror</i>. Rowman & Littlefield, 2015 (Ch. 6, 7)<br />
主講人:洪凌(世新大學性別研究所副教授)<br />
主持人:廖勇超(台灣大學外文系副教授)<br />
時間:2019 年 3 月 30 日 14:00-17:00<br />
地點:臺大校史館一樓外文系會議室<br />
主辦單位:中華民國比較文學協會、科技部人文社會科學研究中心<br />
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<b>開場:Lovecraft碎片式的宇宙</b><br />
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廖勇超教授以佛洛伊德〈歇斯底里的病理學〉“The Aetiology of Hysteria” 開頭,在這篇文章中,佛洛伊德將發掘一個人症狀的過程比擬為探險家挖掘的行為。當探險家到一個荒野時,會看到古代留下的斷垣殘壁,而一般人只會簡單地觀察那些古蹟或和當地土著們訪問過往的歷史,但若是佛洛伊德式的探險家就會持續挖掘,並發現表面露出的石塊底下其實藏有龐大的結構,佛洛伊德說這些古蹟建築上面會寫滿一些「無法閱讀的文字」,且他下了一個很有畫面的結論:「石頭會說話」“stones talk”(192)。廖勇超教授認為 Lovecraft 想要做的事情其實和佛洛伊德完全相反,因為佛洛伊德會認為挖出的爛柱子其實是宏大廟宇結構的一部份。然而,Lovecraft 卻不會希望挖出來的是完整的或能被拼湊成在人類知識範疇裡的知識結構,廖勇超教授指出 Lovecraft 要在人類自以為是的結界裡面去做抽離,並在各種層次上發掘更宏大的宇宙觀,而 Lovecraft 對解離的嘗試是此讀書會探討的重點。<br />
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另外,此次演講可延續上個月<a href="https://clarocmediation.blogspot.com/2019/04/mediation_36.html">怪物世研讀班</a>的問答討論,例如洪凌教授將 Chthulucene 翻成「觸生世」以及她對 Donna Haraway 尖銳的批判。除此之外,Lovecraft 的作品是否真如 Haraway 所說的充斥著種族主義及性別歧視呢?藉由洪凌教授的引導,讀者們將更深入 Lovecraft 黑暗、詭譎的世界。<br />
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<b>The Speculative Turn and the New Weird</b><br />
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主講人洪凌教授首先解釋為何演講題目是「怪誕邪神」而非「Lovecraft 的宇宙」,她強調這些怪誕故事並非Lovecraft獨創,而是許多作者共創的「共同世界」(shared universe),甚至有些作者在克蘇魯神話裡的重要性不亞於H. P. Lovecraft,因此談論Lovecraft之餘,不可忽視其他作者群及相關的現代電影,這也是為何洪凌教授在深入兩篇論文前要先介紹文體和幾個重要作品的原因。<br />
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洪凌教授指出 SF 通常被翻成「科幻」,但對她而言應是「幻設」(Speculative Fiction)。幻設從 2000 年到現今這段期間裡夾了科技主義、科幻所不容的 the New Weird 等次文類,不同於 Lovecraft 時期的 the Weird,the New Weird 始於在 1980 年代起發表作品的作者群,他們常以思辨轉向(speculative turn)去討論人類的未來該何去何從。the New Weird 最大的推手是 Ann Vandermeer 及 Jaff Vandermeer 這對搭檔,在這個次文類的小說中,未來過於樂觀且徒勞,作者們試圖重新談 speculation,並創造翻轉現況的可能。<br />
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此外,2018年有個重要的理論作品--Aimee Bahng 的《遷移未來》(<i>Migrant Futures: Decolonizing Speculation in Financial Times</i>)。Bahng 談到處理幻設小說之所以困難,在於幻設的某種意義就是新自由主義下金融制度的立基工具。作者使用了雙關語闡釋,在英文裡 speculation 同時是「推論」和「設想」,而洪凌教授則翻作「幻設」,也就是幻定式的設想。在金融領域裡,speculation 又譯為「投機」。Bahng 認為「反幻設/反投機」(counter-speculations)是來自「常識之下」(under-commons)的反實證主義知識形式。和一昧保護科幻或認為科幻增強人類的未來性這種想法相比,反實證反而更能增加幻設的開放性,而「人類總是、已經在進步」這樣的說法是洪凌教授所無法贊同的。<br />
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<b>幻設和怪譚的思辨</b><br />
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洪凌教授點出舊的怪譚是此次演講的重點。Samuel R. Delany 談正統文學(Literature)和科幻(Speculative)間的劃分,對 Delany 來說,正統文學和科幻並不是以不同作者群來分類,這種區分化本身就是正統文學的作用力。洪凌教授聯想到她在閱讀 Haraway 的 <i>Staying with the Troubles</i> 時,她並不認為 Haraway 真的如她所說的「悅納麻煩」,反而是藉由區分來驅逐麻煩。同時,洪凌教授也不贊成常被英美學界使用的 Darko Suvin 的標準定義,此定義注重文學裡的詩學(poetics),也就是文學必須情意化,同時也必須擁有讓讀者有認知的可能性,也就是詩學的認知能力(poetic and cognitiveability,)但這定義和 the Weird 是衝突的,因為 the Weird 會讓讀者無法在常態的、標準的、理性的人類性當中輕而易舉地知道並且理解。Delany 認為科幻是一個整體的社群,而某些作者被視為重要,就是因為文學的正典(canon)在從事操作。Delany 也提出,所謂的正典只是不同的符號在作用,而很多作用是把「人」放在正常的規範裡,因此,如果要去正典就不能將記號(markers)放在正統的地圖(orthodoxical map)。科幻作者必須假設讀者不完全知道(可能連作者自己也不知道),讀者在閱讀時被迫要拋棄可理解的事物並且閱讀未知,他們得了解即便是極為簡單的一句話,也可能藏有不同的意思和解讀方式。(Delany 論述的引用來源:“Science Fiction and ‘Literature’—or, The Conscience of the King.” Speculations on Speculation. ed. James E. Gunn and Matthew Candelaria.)<br />
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<b>(舊)怪譚(The Weird Tales)</b><br />
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洪凌教授在這回到真正「舊」的概念。the Weird 一詞是源於 Weird Tales 雜誌刊名,內容是自 20 年代至 Lovecraft 逝世後,Lovecraft 及其夥伴們的作品。洪凌教授翻譯 Lovecraft 最常被引用的一句話:「在所有的人類情緒當中,最古老且最強烈者莫過於恐懼。而在所有的恐懼當中,最古老且最強烈者莫過於對未知(the unknown)的恐懼。」所謂未知的恐懼和此次演講會提及的多個故事有密切的關係。洪凌教授認為縱然未知的恐懼會讓人們嚇瘋了神智,但同時卻是人們最想接近的,類似死亡驅力(death drive)的概念。進一步來說,這樣的死亡驅力本身就是一種渴望(desire),渴望著將自身轉變成他者(desire turning oneself into Other),而這他者不會僅僅是一個,而是一團群聚的他者。<br />
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The Great God Pan 是影響 Lovecraft 等作者群一部很重要的作品,由十九世紀的 Arthur Machen 所寫。故事中,瘋狂科學家把貧弱的孤女找來做科學實驗,科學家對這少女做切除腦額葉的手術時,被剖開的大腦如同打開的門窗般,期望偉大的潘神能夠藉由被開的腦進來人類的維度(潘其實是希臘神話半獸半神),這個被切掉腦額葉的小女孩在一瞬間如開通般地大叫一聲後便進入昏迷狀態,在沒有跟任何人有實質的性交下,少女在九個月後產下類似嬰兒的生物,而這才是故事的主角。這生物通常被詮釋是潘的後代,因為正常情況下人、獸、神並不相通,但潘藉由人類女孩這器皿來到人的世界。嬰兒一開始較像一般人類,或者說是一個很古怪的小女孩,而在故事結尾裡,敘述者不斷去趨向偵探然後追蹤這個看似淫亂且做了很多一般認定為惡事的少女,當少女被抓到時並沒有反抗,而是莫名其妙地這在這幾個男偵探面前自殺,最後變成如(圖一)般的模樣。敘事者說少女身體不斷湧出他所不能描述的東西。圖像展示了幾乎是可見的獸的結合,他可能不是潘產生在人類界的一種血緣後裔,而是一種潘的化身,人類外表與內殼都是潘的裡與外的互相結合而產生的。<br />
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圖(一)潘神</div>
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潘神故事對 Lovecraft 的影響可在 “The Dunwich Horror” 裡得到應證。在民智不開化的 Dunwich 小鎮裡有個落後、野蠻、詭異的一家人,其獨生女和 Yog-Sothoth 發生了關係。Yog-Sothoth 是個長滿眼球且比克蘇魯更強大的三大神之一。洪凌教授稱少女和 Yog-Sothoth 間的關係為「奇趣的羅曼史」(fun romance),這位少女似乎有某種超逾人的特質,和 Yog-Sothoth 相處時,她不但不會崩潰,甚至可以和這充滿眼球的邪神共譜出超越常人能理解的羅曼史,並誕下一群既人又非人、結合人和獸的後代,這些後代也希望他們的媽媽繼續和眼球邪神在一起。<br />
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圖(二)眼球邪神Yog-Sothoth</div>
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Stephen King 在 2014 年出版的長篇小說《復活》(<i>Revival</i>) 也沿用了相同的母題,而 King 除了受到 Arthur Machen 的影響,Mary Sherry 的影子也在小說裡電的元素中被看到。《復活》裡,人們對垂危的女病人進行腦額葉手術,藉由在她腦中開一個門試圖將無以名狀的 She-God 引入。這個 She-God 在 Lovecraftian 宇宙的名字是 Shub-Niggurath,又稱 “The Black Goat of the Woods with a Thousand Young”。從這稱呼中可推測祂和幼羊間的關聯性,洪凌教授認為羊的元素可追溯到 Arthur Machen 所描繪下半身為羊的潘神。<br />
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圖(三)The Black Goat of the Woods with a Thousand Young</div>
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近期的電影《魔物戀人》(<i>Spring</i>, 2014)也以類似的故事原型改寫而成,但洪凌教授強調,這部電影酷兒化了怪物主角,但這個版本的敘事並非朝向進步主義。電影裡的主角 Louise 是普遍定義為怪物的生命,她每隔二十年就會重生一次,每次的重生並不是重新換一個新軀殼,而是在那二十年當中的最後幾年裡,從地球原初的生物型態轉化成複雜的有機體。電影描述 Louise 在此次重生中邂逅男主角以及兩人相戀的故事。基本上,電影架構都和上述提到的幾個故事原型相當類似,可以拿來對比。而電影裡 Louise 的轉變和獸神潘最後的樣貌相當類似:她從不複雜的生物變成複雜生物,最後化成爛爛的、融成一團的樣貌,有如(圖一)的型態。<br />
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<b>第一篇文章:Bobby Derie’s “Great Phallic Monoliths”</b><br />
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此次研讀班的第一篇論文探討 Lovecraft 本身的情慾,洪凌教授認為 Bobby Derie 取的篇名暗示了他對於 Lovecraft 被貼上陽具崇拜標籤的無奈感。在 Lovecraft 設定的邪神譜系與故事,其實沒有一個邪神可以與陽具有起碼的類似,但 Lovecraft 被認為是性別歧視及種族歧視一直是他被厭惡的理由,這也是為何許多人拒斥 Lovecraft、不願承認他作品貢獻的原因。Derie 的論文並不完全要替 Lovecraft 辯護,而是覺得既然他總是被批評是性別歧視者,不如就來徹底討論 Lovecraft 的情慾。<br />
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對 Derie 來說,Lovecraft 是個有性的存在,而他對性的描寫(無論是實質有做的性經驗或者是狂想的性經驗)通常呈現在他對女性角色的描述、人和邪神間的浪漫關係或奇異的性(the weird sex),而他呈現的性行為往往會被現今的人們說是在汙名化女人。在 Lovecraft 的各種表現手法中,洪凌教授認為奇異的性是最有趣的一點,Lovecraft 常將那些詭異且無以名狀的東西融入故事裡,但有些詭異到莫以名狀的東西其實既不會和地球上的生物有絕對的連結,也不是完全被既有的生態所剝除的生物,比如說一些動、植物,有時會讓人驚嘆到懷疑這真的是存在在地球上的嗎?洪凌教授覺得很多東西可能就是源於人們對地球上所有生物的不理解,所以才會覺得他們莫以名狀,而人們對 Lovecraft 的理解可能也在某種程度下受限於他們對 Lovecraft 一種很武斷的解釋,所以 Derie 要做的是審視「切成四個面孔的 Lovecraft」。<br />
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<b> Lovecraft 的四個面孔:</b><br />
<b> 1. The Asexual Lovecraft-無情慾的 Lovecraft:</b><br />
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Lovecraft 的幾本小說裡不但把常態的性行為取消掉,連生殖本身也變得不可名狀。Derie 舉 Lovecraft 稱為「古老的傢伙們的種族」(the Elder Things’ spores)為例子,這些古老的傢伙們是在滅種後才被一群科學家發現,也是慢慢研究才發現這類生物是利用植物苞子進行繁殖,苞子被噴出後就會漸漸變成半動物半植物的狀態。另外,Bruce Lord 將無性繁衍視為 Lovecraft 擺脫性、生物決定論的嘗試,而在 Lovecraft 的某些小說當中,都可以隱隱察覺到他對擁有小孩這件事的排斥和恐懼。<br />
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此外,還有一種有趣的論述是關於科學家的自瀆造物,是一種科學家們不要另外一人和自己合造下一代的狀態,這種模式也出現在 Mary Shelley 的《科學怪人》(<i>Frankenstein</i>)。Frankenstein 其實是小說中科學家的名字,他也是透過自己而非常態性交製造出了生物,顯示了「男人不需要女人來產出生命」(man creating life without a woman)的自信,洪凌教授更探討作家 Mary Sherry 的生命經驗如何呼應這樣的想法,Mary Sherry 確實不要小孩,且她也流產過,在許多相關的傳記、文獻或學術研究都指出 Mary Sherry 就是小說裡的 Frankenstein,她變成了那個不需要女人就能產出生命的科學家,洪凌教授覺得這個讀法相當有意思,但一般的解讀卻認為身為生理女性的 Mary Sherry 有這樣的想法是非常不應該的,洪凌教授批評,有些時候,女性主義對「女性本質」的迷戀論述其實製造更多的限制與侷限。<br />
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還有一種關於 Lovecraft 無性的說法是 Lovecraft 大部分的人生是貞潔且無性的狀態(根據 Lovecraft 的自傳他只有幾次性經驗),他自己也想要無性地產生後代,而不是由他的伴侶生出孩子。洪凌教授認為 Lovecraft 和 Mary Sherry 的例子裡顯示了幻設的力量遠高於生物決定論。<br />
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著名的 the Weird 研究家 S. T. Joshi 綜合了幾個苞子生殖相關的故事,他認為 Lovecraft 描述的烏托邦社會其實想排除人類常態的性,在 the Great Race 及 the Old Ones 這兩個例子裡,除了充滿非人類的物種,還有無性或苞子生殖。他們都形成了所謂的家庭生活的小空間(little place for family life),但他們沒有精美的如布爾喬亞式的家庭型態,反而是一個混沌的群體,若要延續生命就是藉由自行噴苞子,這樣的形式抹除人類式想像的慾望(desire for sexual attraction)。這種群體的集體性強調的是意氣相投和互相的情感(mental congeniality and mutual affection),呼應了 Lovecraft 在自己信件所表達的期望。洪凌教授在此處延伸到清末明初的無政府女性主義及共產主義的思想家殷何震所提倡的無家庭但有共同體,沒有貨幣也不想要生殖,她也不像性解放團體會倡導要有很多人類之間的性。這種顛覆家庭結構且從性中解放的概念,可能是本身就埋伏的人類性,且是原本人類社會就可能會有的,但如今他們是人類發展中錯過的異己性(alienness)。這種模式或許是不想要性且不太有性的 asexual Lovecraft 所嚮往的情境。<br />
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最後洪凌教授以影集 <i>The OA</i> 做延伸,在第二季第四集中有主角 Nina 跟類克蘇魯生物互動的劇情,故事主角外型為人類,除了能跨次元旅行外還能和外生物進行思想交流。洪凌教授認為這部分很呼應 80 年代 the Weird 所談的既有生命和尚未在現實中發生的生命彼此互相連結的可能,以及他們如何形成了不是現實既有的共同體。在影集裡,主角和類克蘇魯生物的思想意識是一體的,而這個超生命體和主角間的關係並不是權力的高與低,而是平等關係的夥伴,他們會一起經歷跨次元的旅行,這和下一篇論文類似,有跨次元的元素。最後,Nina 不想與其他人類碰觸的這個特點讓洪凌教授聯想到 Lovecraft。<br />
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<b> 2. The Heterosexual Lovecraft-含蓄異性戀模式的 Lovecraft:</b><br />
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Lovecraft 的確有短暫的異性戀婚姻,根據他伴侶的描述,Lovecraft 看似講話都很含蓄,但是好像也沒有性的慾望,並沒有將性看得很重。這個模式讓洪凌教授想到另外一篇故事 “The Mound”,故事裡的生物沒有幾個是人類外型,且大家都可以自己群聚、形成一個個 affection-group,但在這裡面出現一個想要和別的個體結合的生物,這篇被看作是 Lovecraft 似乎仍是純白種異男的痕跡。另外一個有趣的角色是和眼球邪神有過關係的 Lavinia Whateley,這個女性角色被描寫成野性、邋遢不堪的、不守規矩的。在此,Derie 覺得很奇怪,他認為這角色不能說就是異性戀,因為很難說 Yog-Sothoth 是什麼,但 Lavinia 也沒有和其他人類男性有過關係,就一輩子一直和眼球邪神這種奇怪的傢伙生活在一起。<br />
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<b> 3. The Homosexual Lovecraft-貞潔基友模式的 Lovecraft:</b><br />
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洪凌教授認為 Lovecraft 對同性戀情欲的描寫有些是明顯且刻意的,而有些則是隱隱約約、若有似無的。在 “The Shadow over Innsmouth” 這篇故事裡,有一群頭會慢慢轉變成魚頭的種族,酷兒式的解讀會將這篇故事描述為一趟自我發現的旅程,而這群頭變成魚的人們則是尚未出櫃的同性戀。然而,洪凌老師並不同意這樣的詮釋,並不是這樣的讀法是貶抑同性戀人類,而是這樣的說法其實小看了 Lovecraft 這篇作品中可能有的潛力。另外一篇例子是 “The Loved Dead”,有些人會把對屍體的迷戀解讀為同性戀,將故事角色的戀屍情結看作是同性戀,洪凌教授指出現代許多的同性戀論述都會盲目地把一切都說是同性戀,但憑什麼戀屍就得是假的,而同性戀就一定是真的?洪凌教授無法認同描寫戀屍就是在比喻同性戀這樣的說法。<br />
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<b> 4. The Transsexual Lovecraft-跨性別的 Lovecraft:</b><br />
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洪凌教授認為 Derie 的最後一點是這篇論文最精彩的部分,她將這部分的演講下一個小標:Gender-species mix in Lovecraft,因為故事 “The Thing on the Doorstep” 裡主角的外型看似是一個少女,但她的意識也住宿(寄生)著她的人類父親,而他們的意識一直在互相競爭。洪凌教授省略 Derie 文章中談論 Lovecraft 生平的部分(例如 Lovecraft 小時候常被母親扮女裝等等),她認為更重要的是在這篇故事的解讀談少女和體內父親的思想競爭。少女主張:「如果我這個身體的腦是陽剛的(masculine),那我應該可以很輕易的擊潰人類爸爸的腦或思想。」另外,在 “She wanted to be a man—to be fully human—that was why she had got hold of him.” 這句話上,很多女性主義者會將此詮釋為 Lovecraft 是性別歧視,但對洪凌教授和 Derie 而言,那些人忽略了少女 Asenath 並不是人類這個設定,Asenath 想成為人類並不是因為她是女人,而是她有一半的基因不是人類,她的母親是最後頭會發展為魚的「深潛者」(DeepOne),所以她也有一半深潛者的基因,並不是完全的人類。<br />
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<b>第二篇文章:Clancy Smith’s “A Nameless Horror: Madness and Metamorphosis in H. P. Lovecraft and Postmodernism”</b><br />
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在第二篇論文中,Clancy Smith 認為 Lovecraft 創造的宇宙裡有許多的「無法……」(un-),像是無法思考的、無法命名的、無法描述的(unthinkable, the unnamable, the unspeakable)。洪凌教授認為既然語言已經無力了,那 Lovecraft 如何描繪他的故事才是精彩的地方,且 Lovecraft 的做法似乎在推使人們微微逼近人類認知的極限。<br />
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棄絕人類性的思維似乎是目前的趨勢,像是很多學者會傾向認為人類是所有生物裡最糟的,洪凌教授覺得這些心態看似是在摒棄人類中心主義,但這種所謂反人類的轉向其實內建一種強大的自戀感。這也是為什麼洪凌教授對 Haraway 的 <i>Staying with the Trouble</i> 會不滿,因為其內含的自戀感太過強烈了,並沒有真的感覺到對人類由衷的鄙視,反而是得意洋洋地認為人類當堆肥也要好好佔據一個位置,並做一個堆肥該有的樣子。<br />
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大部分的人會認為 Lovecraft 最多只是在描寫如何超越人類極限,而終身從事 the Weird Tales 研究的 S. T. Joshi 其核心思維完全和大眾相反。他認為 Lovecraft 的故事有別於西方文學傳統:那個西方性就是,無論是自戀也好、自欺也罷,基本上還是非常迷戀自身,似乎在自棄的同時也是自戀滿滿的沉醉。<br />
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洪凌教授點出 Smith 在此文章講的其實也是個通論,是研究 Lovecraft 的學者大部分會有的共識。他假設所謂的人類性、物質的組合或人類的認知能力,在廣闊的宇宙中其實是連微塵、纖維都比不上的東西,當人連微塵都不是時,為何在地球的位置佔那麼龐大呢?真正是重頭戲的邪神們、Lovecraft 的怪物為何要管人類?且為何人們要期待這些怪物、邪神、苞子繁殖的物種要去在意微不足道的人類自稱是「邏輯」和「知識」的東西?<br />
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洪凌教授認為,真正有趣的地方在這幾篇故事當中 Lovecraft 並沒有鉅細靡遺地描寫,但他也沒有輕輕地揮一句帶過,不會陷入低俗小說(pulp fiction)的寫作詬病。很多低俗小說在遇到無可描繪、人無法用筆書寫的事物時,敘述者就會用「這是無法言說的恐怖」一句話帶過,而詳細地描寫有多恐怖也是低俗小說的另一種極端。在 “The Dunwich Horror” 故事中,當 Wilbur Whateley 這個少女和 Yog-Sothoth 結合生出的半人半獸半神死掉時,Lovecraft 並沒有試圖描繪屍體的恐怖樣貌,而是寫道:「我也可以寫啦,但如果我這樣寫的話,還是會很多人看不懂我在寫什麼。」Lovecraft 明白,即便再怎麼過度描寫也無法讓人真正理解。<br />
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洪凌教授接下來更深入探討兩個故事,第一篇 “The Silver Key” 是關於主角 Randolph Carter 試圖回到夢境層次中的故事。小說對哲學家的批判相當犀利,哲學家指導 Carter 要去看事物之間的邏輯關係、要去分析真實是什麼,且他形容這種真實是邏輯實證主義,他認為哲學要探討真正發生的事物,洪凌教授指出,在這篇故事可以注意到 Lovecraft 對科學式物質主義的批判,這樣的科學主義將所有可能還原回語言或測量系統。Carter 所遇到的科學家告訴他,真正的科學原比Carter說的夢境的維度更加充滿著無可計量的狂喜,他認為 Carter 所要找尋的夢並不算什麼,科學家不僅強調他們已創造出原子分離器,還主張科學領域的事物比虛無飄渺且無法描述的夢更加神奇奧秘。<br />
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另外一個例子為 James Blish 的 Black Easter,此科幻小說裡的科學家質疑主角黑魔法師,認為科學都能將核子加速器製作出來了,而黑魔法的功能為何?這黑魔法師則反駁科學家或許會將一切還原成原子或其他更小的單位,但這樣子只是用科學去跳過另外一個生命可能,並誤以為可以得到完滿。<br />
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洪凌教授在這裡提到Lovecraft最恐怖的著作--<i>Necronomicon</i>《死靈之書》,在 “The Silver Key” 中,主角 Carter 和其他學者一同研究這本《死靈之書》,而他也終於從先祖那拿到他的銀鑰匙,並且飛向另外一個維度,回到他小時候的夢境中,這裡洪凌教授不禁吐槽,為何會認為有能力的就一定是小孩子?為何把童年當作很特定的東西?<br />
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她接下來討論 Deleuze 和 Guattari《千高原》裡的一個故事,故事中的 Professor Challenger 是融合 Deleuze、Guattari、Randolph Carter 的角色。他解釋一致性平面(plane of consistency)和組織平面(plane of organization)以及重構域(reterritorialization)和解域(deterritorialization)間的關係。洪凌教授認為很有趣的地方是 Professor Challenger 在講解域時就真的熔掉了,他變成一團又一團的東西,並且到 mechanosphere 裡融合一體:mechanosphere 是 Deleuze 和 Guattari 自己造的字,對他們來說是會自然發生的東西,並把各種機制的 machinicassemblage 有關或無關的放置在一起,且每個都沒有特定絕對的關係,不一定會成為親屬,不一定需要共生,也不一定是要非自生發,反正就是群聚(assemblage)。另外,樹狀(arborescent)的概念也值得討論,樹狀要的是整齊有致、向未來前進,它和塊莖(rhizomaic)的概念是相反的,因此。Smith 在最後很強調 Professor Challenger 其實很像 “The Silver Key” 的同人誌,因為結尾到達了一個境界,一個沒有起初、但是充滿著多重性的狀態。這個多重性也充滿著觸手跟觸點,且不斷像癌細胞一樣在地球上增生。<br />
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洪凌教授在這裡提出了一個疑問:「大家如何看待 Thacker 的 <i>In the Dust of This Planet</i> 這本書?」黃涵榆教授的讀法是「一個沒有我們的世界」(a planet without us),而洪凌教授覺得 Clancy Smith 所談的 Deleuze 和 Guattari 有點是這個世界其實把我們(us)轉換為非我們(non-us),也就是同時有也沒有我們(with and without us),而且可能很多的我們早就不是常態定義下的我們了,這樣的詮釋會稍微有一點突破性。此外,洪凌教授指出 Thacker 在另一本著作 <i>After Life</i> 裡的講法又有些許不同,此書的世界是西方自己製造、自己批評的那種二分法所壓垮的世界,在這種西方人類世界中,Lovecraft 的主角或是 Lovecraft 自己第一人稱的敘事者常常發現一些殘餘,他們如考古般地探索這些殘餘,但他們沒有挖出完完整整的、能讓一般人能好好理解、研究、做實證的東西,其實他只是讓人們去直面所有的關於人類所能知道的生命,而這些「生命」並不是我們一般理論的生命或是活著的這件事情。<br />
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另外,Bonta 和 Protevinote 形容 Deleuze 常講的塊莖其實是在很常態的說法,是一種離心的多樣性或網絡(a decentered multiplicity or network),洪凌教授指出尤其是自身內建網絡的狀態是很值得一提的,在裡面那些看似是猙獰的但有時美到很醜、醜到很美的這些邪神,他們彼此為何會連成這樣其實是不知道原因的,是人類邏輯所無法想像的,因此稱作群聚。Deleuze 式的群聚其實是所謂的主流科學不能容許的存在,Deleuze 有名的模型-無體(body without organ)更是被否定的概念。作者舉了一個黃蜂與蘭花的例子,這兩種生命體結合而變得既不是黃蜂也不是蘭花,兩者不是加法式的融合,因而造就了無關的群聚組裝起來的狀態。<br />
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洪凌教授在此介紹 shoggoths,這是 Lovecraft 的神話裡看似位階很低但其實是很驚人的存在,它的原型是一團原生質,但在某些情境下,它可以變化成各種形態。在日本輕小說中有很多作者是以 shoggoths 當作元素,它可能會變成穿哥德裝的女僕、美少年執事、或會不小心跑出觸鬚的貓等等,其實在日本輕小說或漫畫中 shoggoths 已被萌化了。洪凌教授更進一步談 shoggoths 的 Deleuze 式學術貢獻性,因為它們這種存在其實打破了時間性整齊有序的發展,它們能有各種樣貌,但形體的維持又很短暫,看似是天衣無縫的組成可能在一瞬間就突然融掉,或變成完完全全不同的組裝體,所以說在這樣子 shoggoths 的群體中,我們可以看出所謂的就是一般的有機體跟無體的結合,所以才可以真正從沒有型態、肢體、且也不有機的器官當中去形成一個沒有真正器官的身體,而 Smith 將 shoggoths 視為「有機體和無體關係的可愛描繪。」“a lovely illustration of the relationship between the organism and the body without organs.”<br />
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回到原作 Carter 的故事,Carter 最後終於領悟了三次元以上的狀態,他也明白有機體之間並沒有真正不同且絕對的區分,而時間、空間也能夠疊在一起,在 bilocating 和 trilocating 之上他發現自己在這個多重宇宙中他變成除了人類之外的任何生物型態(anything but human),洪凌教授補充 anything but human 的視覺化可以參考電影《滅絕》的片段,這部 2018 年的電影是改編自傑夫.凡德米爾的南境三部曲之一《遺落南境:滅絕》。<br />
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電影《滅絕》裡無以名狀的生物也是莫名其妙就出現了,洪凌教授指出 Lovecraft 的故事及 Deleuze 和 Guattari 的狂想中發生的事物都常常沒有源由,不像是古典怪物電影裡的怪物其實是很有目的性的。在《滅絕》中,有個最後爆成一團光的生物是非常重要的角色,除此之外,電影裡去冒險的人類們都有去無回,不但心智癲狂,甚至會去割開彼此的肚子,被剖開的肚子裡面是一堆堆的蠕蟲,洪凌教授指出蠕蟲的元素和 Lovecraft 的《死靈之書》非常相關。<br />
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在論文結尾,Smith 認為 Lovecraft、Deleuze、Guattari 書中那些看似沒有定型、邊界不分、沒有名字、無名無狀的東西很符合 Deleuze 所謂的 becoming-animal 及 becoming-molecular,但洪凌教授也表達她個人覺得 Smith 在理論的使用上有些牽強。此外,《千高原》的故事結尾裡,Professor Challenge 離開了這個平面,並到一致性平面裡快樂地融來融去,這讓洪凌教授聯想到在《滅絕》這部電影裡也有很類似的處理,電影裡的四個探險家最後化成樹的樣子,不再是人,洪凌教授幽默地將這種樣貌類比為「人形綠色植栽」,並以此作結。<br />
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<b>Q&A</b><br />
<b>觸手與黏液-Lovecraft式的怪物型態</b><br />
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呂奇芬教授認為在怪物的型態學裡,常提到的特徵是觸手式和黏液狀,這些怪物身體是超過人類所能理解、掌握的型態,這對現代後結構的學者來說相當有貢獻,可進而去分析、解釋,但她也疑惑在 Lovecraft 的時代裡,就那時的知識史或文化背景而言,研究 Lovecraft 的學者們該如何解釋那些怪物型態呢?那樣的怪物樣貌有多少來自 Lovecraft 個人的直覺、夢境或潛意識?有多少靈感來自他當時的文化遺產?這些都是呂奇芬教授較感興趣的部分。<br />
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洪凌教授則回應她最不贊成的說法是 Lovecraft 本來的基因構造就不同,或甚至是他所處的時代背景,因為在 Lovecraft 之前還有其他人寫相關的怪誕題材,有名的故事例子包括潘神及 The King of Yellow 等。The King of Yellow 裡也有個無以名狀、沒有現行、無法具象化的生物,這怪物也有被融入在 Lovecraft 的宇宙中,並且成為和克蘇魯同位階的古老的傢伙們。對洪凌教授來說,很多文獻都在用作者生平的角度探討 Lovecraft 的作品,但她認為 Lovecraft 其實有能力去瞥見類似 Freud 式的 uncanny,她強調這種 uncanny 不是文字上的,而是一種 Lovecraft 獨有的敏感度。<br />
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廖勇超教授提出 Freud 對原初生命的描述可拿來做些對比,當 Freud 在假設原先生命的樣態時,他用囊包(vesicle)做為原型,雖然 Freud 說前生命的型態是類囊包的樣子,但他的原文並沒有非常生物學式,他甚至說生命的開頭應該是個無生命的物體(inanimate object),而毫無來由的神秘力量灌入這物體後生命就出現了,意識也是在這個時刻出現的。廖勇超教授認為這可以讓我們去思考那年代的人們是否對於生命起源的想法是奠基在某一種生物學上的想像,進而去做各種不同的發想,在 Freud 的文章中會出現 Lovecraft 那種囊包式的生命是非常特別的,因為 Lovecraft 的怪物在古希臘很少見,古希臘的怪物頂多是各種物種的混雜樣貌,並沒有 Lovecraft 觸鬚或黏液式的怪物。<br />
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呂奇芬教授同意廖勇超教授的說法,她也覺得各種物種混合的怪物型態很普遍,但 Lovecraft 那種黏液性的怪物卻很不常見,她指出黏液本身會打破身體的疆界,但又同時是生命所需要的性質,或甚至是病態身體會出現的樣貌,例如發炎時會流膿,黏液性的多重意義讓呂奇芬教授感到非常著迷。<br />
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廖勇超教授指出黏液性可以回到當時在西方醫學對於細胞跟黏液的研究,他指出在 19 世紀初開始有畸形學(teratology)論述的建立,另外就是所謂對怪物的科學研究,這些都希望用科學的方式去控管人類畸胎,因為在之前人們對人身怪或身體畸形並沒有太多科學研究,只有各種異想天開的詮釋,但後來畸形學的出現使人們開始了將畸胎關在實驗室裡試圖掌控其變因的趨勢。<br />
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畸胎使呂奇芬教授聯想到 19 世紀末到 20 世紀初的馬戲團,在馬戲團裡的表演者大多是因為真正身體上的畸胎跟病胎才導致怪物性的身體面出現,例如 Monkey Girl、多毛症、過度發育或侏儒等等,而各式各樣的畸胎可以用醫學方式去解釋怪物身體,但觸角性的身體並不常見,而觸手也一直是人類無法做到的,比較不是純粹人類幻想會有的型態,所以呂奇芬教授提問為什麼會在 Lovecraft 的時代產生這種前所未見的怪物新型態呢?<br />
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廖勇超教授並不覺得 Lovecraft 是第一個把章魚類怪物化的作家,因為換個地域性來看可能也有類似的怪物雛形,例如東亞。<br />
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洪凌教授補充河童可能算是一種類章魚化的日本怪物,河童會把不同的東西黏組在一起,好像他的上半段和下半段是可分開的。在 Lovecraft 的眾邪神中,除了觸手或黏液這兩大特色,Lovecraft 常常把不該組合的生物結合在一起,而神話當中較次級的神--大袞(dagon)就是其中一個例子,他們的型態和生活方式其實和 19 世紀生物學的想像很相似。<br />
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廖勇超教授最後補充 H. G. Wells 的 The War of the Worlds,Wells 在 Lovecraft 之前就已預設了外星人的樣貌,現代將章魚外貌和外星人做的類比在 Wells 當時就有了,可是對他來說其實是有非常科學性的預設,廖勇超教授分享他在 Discovery 節目裡看到關於地球五十年或一百年後樣貌的想像,節目裡以生物學的概念去預設當人類進化時,許多身體的器官將不再需要,所以消化及排便被認為是浪費時間,而假想的生命體也不需要用嘴巴進食,人類只需泡入充滿營養液的水晶浴缸中就能達到進食的效果。因此在 The War of the Worlds 中的外星人事實上是人類進化的樣貌,廖勇超教授強調 19 世紀末就已經有對章魚、觸手等生物的想像,雖然在那樣的脈絡底下,人們會覺得那樣的形態是外星人,但在 Wells 的預設裡,人和外星人間其實是怪物式進化的關係。<br />
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<b>回歸童年的想像</b><br />
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Year 同學想進一步討論洪凌教授在演講時提到返回童年狀態的部分,針對洪凌教授對為何一定是童年的疑慮,Year 同學聯想到許多神話或童話的結局常是回到童年,她覺得這是否和童年代表了一種原初、力量較強大的狀態有關?<br />
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洪凌教授認為可以先從生命政治的層面來看,然後再談奇幻文學的童年問題。洪凌教授指出「兒童」這個概念並不始終存在於人類的認知裡,比如說最明顯的就是在狄更斯的作品裡雖然有歲數的概念但並沒有兒童的區分,沒有幾歲為兒童而幾歲是青少年的劃分,兒童這個字是逐漸出現的,伴隨工業革命之後的現代性而誕生。所以,Lovecraft 描述回到童年或許一方面真的如 Year 同學所說是回到原初,但所謂的原初是什麼也是不清楚的。第二則是比較沒那麼現代主義的想像,故事的角色 Carter 因年近中年,已被生活中各種人世間沉重的負擔所壓垮,所以無法回到以前那種跨向度能力的時期。以這點來講,Lovecraft 在這兩部曲當中的處理比較沒有那麼不同於寓言式的說法,因為 Carter 後來發現銀鑰匙後也就找到了原初,只是那個原初究竟是啥,作者其實寫得很模糊,並沒有說清楚其內涵是什麼。另外 Carter 後來到的境界其實很有趣,結局是 Carter 變成了各種動物和無機物的外型加在一起的型態。最後,洪凌教授強調她個人比較不會用原來或原初來形容這個狀態,因為在那樣的次元中可能沒有以前、現在、未來這些概念。<br />
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<b>有/沒有關係:Lovecraft 的敘事結構及人神互動</b><br />
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涂銘宏教授覺得觸手及黏液的想像是比較西方式的,另外他認為雖然 Lovecraft 是用一種怪物性來看非人,但故事裡面人的主體性和形象仍相當明顯,且能力論、泛靈論、生機論(ableism、animism、vitalism)這幾個主義的向度都非常強烈,涂銘宏教授指出 Lovecraft 其實仍企圖要產生關係、能量、故事性,尤其是他的故事架構太過小說式及完整,涂銘宏教授提出是否有非長篇、架構不完整或無族譜系的可能性,例如誌怪、筆記小說這類比較斷片、不完整的形式。在故事內容上,涂銘宏教授覺得 Lovecraft 還是有一個對性、生命或能量的堅持,即便 Lovecraft 的故事似乎是反人類中心主義,他還是有一種很強的能動性,涂銘宏教授想要想像的是類似非人(non-human)或後人類(posthuman),裡面的生機論是更低的,有點類似機械式反射動作或遊戲代碼。<br />
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洪凌教授並不認為 Lovecraft 的小說架構都是非常完整的,她說自己並沒有讀過所有的邪神宇宙故事,而且新的怪譚作品持續出版,但所讀到的大部分 Lovecraft 作品架構通常都是拼拼湊湊的,經過其他作者的增修後,雖然故事都統稱是 H. P. Lovecraft,但其實內涵是新舊夾雜,很難分清楚各個元素的來源。洪凌教授覺得在 Lovecraft 的書寫系統當中,沒有一個人類敘述者清楚知道故事裡的黏觸邪神是否有思維,他們都是不可知、無法知的。洪凌教授認為這很類似涂銘宏教授所說的機械式,那些邪神的反應是無法控制的,他們也不在乎自己的型態轉換或是否和他人產生關連。<br />
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涂銘宏教授仍認為 Lovecraft 強調某種特定的形體,例如天使或神,甚至他還落在某一些配組裡面,即便他的故事和神話相比是較散落的書寫方式,但涂銘宏教授覺得或許其他的文學傳統可以更離散、互動也較少,例如故事連結非常散亂的日本物語。另外,涂銘宏教授也很好奇對身為作家的洪凌教授來說,妖魔鬼怪的型態為什麼仍被需要?以及小說式的寫法為何仍如此重要?<br />
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洪凌教授指出 Lovecraft 的系統是相當片段且充滿縫隙的,即便許多作者群都在合力組構這個共同宇宙,組出的系統依舊坑坑巴巴且不完整。洪凌教授補充兩個聞名的美國科幻小說家--Clive Barker 和 Octavia Butler,Octavia Butler 有一篇短篇故事是 “Blood Child”,故事裡的他者也是莫名其妙地就出現了,他們跟人類接觸的原因也是個謎,敘述者只能自行猜測他們的動機。除了這個例子外,洪凌教授提到她在演講時所展示的相關圖片其實沒有一個是完全忠實於 Lovecraft 的描述,有很多都是繪畫者自己創造、添加的,但他們也幫忙成就了 Lovecraft 的宇宙。即使如此,洪凌教授仍不覺得這樣的系統就是完整的,她認為這樣的模式比較類似日本的科幻動畫《新世紀福音戰士》,它不斷地被增補,動畫裡也有很多黏答答的東西,那些黏答答的東西與其說是學西方的,不如說是日本妄想的作祟,當 Lovecraft 是在創造一堆無法發音的名字時,《新世紀福音戰士》其實是扭曲基督教的變形神話。<br />
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涂銘宏教授覺得 Lovecraft 的故事裡有強烈的關係主義(relationalism),不管是怪物或半人類都想要有互動或能量交換。和這種對關係的渴望相比,談 Lovecraft 無性的部分反而更吸引涂銘宏教授,因為這部分比較沒有世間的關係主義的假設。<br />
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洪凌教授也同意無性的部分很有趣,雖然無性的 Lovecraft 會被當代性別政治的論述所批判,但她認為無性之所以有趣在於,不管是同種或異族都無所謂要有關係,他們是在一個既連結又非連結的狀態。Lovecraft 故事中其實用到了 affection group 在指涉這樣的關係,這個 affection 不是每天對彼此噓寒問暖,而是就單純地相處在一起,相處在一起久了可能就會形成 affection。此外,洪凌教授強調在 Lovecraft 及相關的神話宇宙裡,試圖要締造連結的往往是人類這一方,對那些邪神和古老的傢伙們來說,他們興趣不在人類身上,而且他們的興趣和思維也是無從得知的,所以才會有那麼多的無法思考的、無法命名的、無法言說的,也就是對於邪神這方來說,關係的概念本身就不存在。洪凌教授滿同意涂銘宏教授的期待,不過她也指出一直想要產生關係的其實都是自作多情的 Lovecraft、Deleuze、Guattari 他們自己。<br />
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李育霖教授也回應涂銘宏教授的疑慮,並提出兩個層面的問題,第一個是怪物形象本身是否有動能?而另外一個問題是關於敘述形式的部分,李育霖教授認為這兩個問題是連在一起的,而涂銘宏教授引用了許多 Deleuze 的概念,但群聚(assemblage)並不是主動,而是被動式的連結,是沒有個人意志力、如機器般地向外連結,所以似乎沒有強烈的動能。而 becoming 也不是很有能量地要去亂連,反而是莖塊式的,有一個韻律般的互動,它的震動也不是隨意的,Deleuze 用機器這個詞是因為它沒有意志或慾望。第二則是文體的部分,李育霖教授好奇 the Weird 做為一個現代文體之後要連結到哪裡?是超自然還是恐怖?還是說它其實就是無法被分類且能夠獨立存在的呢?<br />
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廖勇超教授同意李育霖教授的觀點,雖然很多怪物的呈現具有人的生機論,但也有很多的呈現是沒有的,在這個部份上,廖勇超教授覺得其實要思考的問題是沒有和生命本身連結的可能性。他提到 Freud 的 uncanny 常被拿來討論怪物,但這樣的使用在某些較基進的怪物性上是不足的。廖勇超教授比較偏向如何去連結像康德所談的怪物性,當康德在討論 sublime 時,中間講了三、四行怪物性(monstrosity),在那裡,康德似乎打破了自己原先的哲學架構,那樣的怪物性是突然地「被」出現,然後使人的主體變得麻痺、無法動彈。廖勇超教授認為有點可惜的是他目前尚未看到康德的討論往這個部份去深化,但這樣的怪物性仍讓廖勇超教授看到一個從傳統定義的哲學康德跳到 Lovecraft 式的康德的可能性,在這樣的狀態下,人的認知系統會被打破。廖勇超教授指出 Lovecraft 的許多故事結尾很類似,常常呈現的是瘋狂、將所有事物燒毀或放棄理解等狀態,他覺得這些結尾再往前走一步也許會到康德式的怪物性。另外,廖勇超教授討論文學的表現形式,他認為實驗性的敘事模式或許可以達到他所說的怪物性,而現代主義也早已在這部分上有所嘗試,最有名且誇張的例子為 James Joyce 的 <i>Finnegans Wake</i>,這部小說裡的文字怪物化已到非常誇張的層次,雖然 Lovecraft 在文字的斷裂上不如 James Joyce,但 Lovecraft 邪神名字的發音其實是很詭異的存在,因為人們根本念不太出來那些名字,在這裡拼字的物質性非常強烈,Lovecraft 故意創造一些人們根本無法發音的文字形式,廖勇超教授指出雖然 Lovecraft 的小說形式較沒那麼基進,但在他的文字縫隙裡存在一些很詭異但卻特別的東西。另一個例子為 Samuel Beckett 的 <i>The Unnamable</i>,他很哲學式地要去把所謂的 unnamable 用文字這個媒介去呈現。可是對廖勇超教授來說,尚未有用簡單的文學形式達到類似效果的例子,他思考是否能從看似很簡單的文學形式中尋找 Lovecraft 式的力量。<br />
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洪凌教授補充李育霖教授所提的 Deleuze 理論,她認為第二篇論文有點太牽強,她自己原先在讀 Carter 的二部曲時,除了他真的到三度空間以上可以融化、變形之外,他其實是抱著意願去的,但那個接納他的所在比較類似 Deleuze 和 Guattari 在《千高原》所講的那種無所欲、無所為、無所思的境界,是如機械式的,並不會感受到外在的來訪,也不會在意或驅趕。而故事裡的第一人稱其實本來的原意是想要接近與探索,但後來就發現領悟及探索是無法的,所以洪凌教授認為故事結尾的瘋狂其實是一種領悟,也就是終於了解到建立關係是不應該的,如廖勇超教授所說的,結局常常很類似,都是各種瘋狂及崩潰,這些結尾可以解讀成那些角色不一定要有領悟,而是無所謂要有綁定(bounding)。此外,洪凌教授解釋為何會有 the Weird 這個次文類,這個名稱是用來統稱當時在 Weird Tales 這本雜誌刊登過作品的作者群,他們會成為 the Weird 不是他們不夠科學,而是他們的故事非常怪誕,但他們又不是那種很傳統的恐怖小說,非常類似涂銘宏教授說的連怪物這邊也想要去,所以它一定會有意志、慾望、意圖,這些東西是脫離不掉的。<br />
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呂奇芬教授認為 the Weird 這個次文體和過去的恐怖小說之間有很特定的差異性,而在她之前看過的一篇談 New French 的論文裡,作者認為這些看似很時髦、新穎的次文類其實是在重新詮釋恐怖小說,他們都是恐怖小說的一種,只是因為新名稱被引用久了後慢慢就有它的市場價值,所以算是一種活化品牌,可讓恐怖小說熱賣,也可吸引新的消費者,因此次文類的出現其實反映的是新的行銷方式。另外,呂奇芬教授討論鬼怪的表現形式,她認為 Gothic 其實並不侷限於小說或短篇故事,不一定是一個有完整敘事、開頭、中間、結尾的結構模式,Gothic 的表現形式各式各樣,有專門在討論用身心來表現恐怖、鬼魅感的,當人們聽到某一種恐怖片的配樂時,會有被入侵、威脅、觀視的感受,但其實這些都不是敘事(narrative),它沒有故事,但是這種感受仍被創造出來,而呂奇芬教授認為它其實符合所謂的美學性。另外,物語讓她聯想到河合隼雄談日本傳說與心理學的書,日本的中式怪譚物語裡妖怪經常沒有目的性,他們出來、哀嘆、離去,沒有意圖也沒有人替他們報復,到最後也沒有正義得到伸張,這故事沒有開頭也沒有結尾,沒有道德勸世的意味,河合隼雄說這就是中式所表達的一種物哀,呂奇芬教授覺得這樣的形式也是非常片段的。<br />
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涂銘宏教授認為描述(descriptive)跟敘述(narrative)間有很大的落差,他個人對描述有興趣,所以才會用筆記小說當作另外一個範例,因為筆記小說篇幅的關係可以跟志怪有一些連結的部分,可是有些人會說篇幅可能是因為媒介或條件所以才會很短,可是他覺得裡面有個潛能,因為敘述的斷裂造成了 un…ble,這就是涂銘宏教授所想要去除的,他想打破動詞後面的企圖性和個人意志,也就是裡面的一種人性,他提出 Clancy Smith 為何談 un…able 的疑慮,他認為 Smith 即使是談 un…ble,他還是針對能力論(ableism)的反應,他仍針對意志、互動、慾望或甚至是呂奇芬教授說的聲音的入侵,那個強烈的生機論讓涂銘宏教授覺得有點太過了。另外,他指出筆記小說的敘述很乾脆,常莫名其妙結束故事,如同呂奇芬教授提到的物語,筆記小說描述事情的發生,跟人也沒有直接的接觸,並不會落到一個聊齋或人所需要的勸世、教訓目的。<br />
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洪凌教授認為其實在 Lovecraft 的故事當中,講出一個故事是很難免的,但他對「要能夠…」(be able)並不是非常堅持,以電玩為例,洪凌教授觀察到玩家們很愛的模式是到最後拋棄了熱情、慾望、意志及企圖,並且快快樂樂地被滅了,這跟《滅絕》那部電影有些類似。電影裡的人們原來也是充滿著企圖,要去發掘新事物,但其實最後喊出「滅絕」這個字之後就真的團滅的那一剎那,洪凌教授覺得反而是有那麼一點不同的可能性在裡面,雖然這個電影也是故事性的,但它不只是在敘述,無論是電影作者或原著作者都確實是在完整的起承轉合,但是在合的時候都是一種對滅絕看得很開的心態,而導演拒絕改編大框架的結局讓電影基本上是忠於原著的。然而,電影幕後讓洪凌教授覺得結尾的可能性被破壞殆盡了,這部電影之所以可以在 Netflix 播放,是因為結尾加進了娜塔莉波曼說的一句話:「不,他們並沒有滅絕,而是在創造新的事物。」(“No. They are not annihilating. They are creating something new.”)這是洪凌教授覺得最受不了的,本來最終角色們真的是既不知道也放棄知道,即便最後的放棄也許沒有純淨到呂奇芬教授所講的,鬼就無目的地出來、無目的地嘆息,然後鬼就累了、走了。Netflix的最低條件就是要一句「我們正在創造新事物」,而那個「我們」其實是一個綜合體,因為最後主角的身分很曖昧不清,不確定她是人類或他者,所以創造的意志到底是人的還是他者的也並不清楚,但洪凌教授批判這個結尾徹底破壞了原本可以很放下的可能性。<br />
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最後陳國偉教授也回應涂銘宏教授對關係的提問,他聯想到現在的恐怖電影和超級英雄電影,他認為這類電影並不是要創造新類型,反而是奠基在復古類型,藉由原本就有的大世界來吸引消費者,這樣的大宇宙既可抽開來一個一個賣,也可以做有機的組合再推銷出去。此外,陳國偉教授覺得真正忠實於這個世界的消費者並不是最主要的族群,在商業操作下這個世界允許多的縫隙,裡面的角色會自己為自己打架,他們不管是否要創造出連結,例如安娜貝爾到鬼修女之類的,這些東西它又散落又連結,即使在設定上他們背後有個跟其他角色串聯的世界,但其實觀眾是可以不用去肯認那個世界的,對陳國偉教授來說那也是一種自由性,大部分的消費者並不在意角色背後故事間的關係和連結,因為他們大多是角色型消費,也許觀眾意識到某部電影和另一部電影其實有關係,但看完後還是有可能忘記。因此,陳國偉教授認為其實從商業的考量上,同時並存才是最理想的。<br />
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<span style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "georgia" , "palatino" , "book antiqua" , "palatino linotype" , serif; font-size: 16px;">(原文刊載於中華民國比較文學學會電子報第 29 期<br /><a href="https://claroc100.wixsite.com/newsletter29/2">https://claroc100.wixsite.com/newsletter29/2</a></span><span style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "georgia" , "palatino" , "book antiqua" , "palatino linotype" , serif; font-size: 16px;">)</span><br />
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<img alt="last.jpg" height="427" src="https://static.wixstatic.com/media/007849_e1fc1072b2b64b7c8d79836decbc2034~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_750,h_501,al_c,q_85,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01/last.webp" width="640" />Alice Ming-fang Chenghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08025697371365187143noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146317341119107296.post-46993521106730180102019-07-21T06:34:00.003-07:002019-07-21T06:34:36.140-07:00媒介(Mediation)研讀班 第七場:「進托邦」、異種智慧與後人類 活動紀錄<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Alice Ming-fang Chenghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08025697371365187143noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146317341119107296.post-31636099607625162942019-07-20T20:30:00.000-07:002019-08-22T08:28:42.954-07:00媒介(Mediation)研讀班第八場:數位主體與文本身體的「媒介間際」 活動公告<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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獲科技部人社中心經費補助之媒介(Mediation)研讀班第八場,即將於8月17日(週六)下午2:00-5:00在<span style="color: #222222; font-family: , serif;">國立臺灣大學校史館一樓外文系會議室</span>舉行,研讀主題為「<span style="font-family: , serif;">數位主體與文本身體的『媒介間際』</span>」。導讀人為<span style="font-size: 16px;">東吳大學英文學系</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">蘇秋華</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">副教授</span>,主持人為<span style="font-size: 16px;">國立高雄師範大學英語學系</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">楊乃女</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">副教授</span>。歡迎踴躍報名參加!<br />
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">【地點】國立臺灣大學校史館一樓外文系會議室</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Hlk7377892"></a><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">【日期】</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">108/08/17 (</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">六</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">【時間】</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">1400-1700<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">導讀人:蘇秋華</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> (</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">東吳大學英文學系副教授</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">主持人:楊乃女</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> (</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國立高雄師範大學英語學系副教授</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">研讀主題:</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Hlk2441762"></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">數位主體與文本身體的「媒介間際」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">書名:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Hayles, N. Katherine. <i>My Mother Was a Computer: Digital Subjects and Literary Texts</i>. U of Chicago P, 2005.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">範圍:</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">第二章</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">※活動報名系統網址:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="https://forms.gle/AsMs5VgB6fi3rz7eA">https://forms.gle/AsMs5VgB6fi3rz7eA</a></span>Alice Ming-fang Chenghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08025697371365187143noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146317341119107296.post-42489958927068297772019-07-01T23:04:00.001-07:002019-07-21T07:15:05.707-07:00媒介(Mediation)研讀班 第七場:「進托邦」、異種智慧與後人類 活動公告<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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獲科技部人社中心經費補助之媒介(Mediation)研讀班第七場,即將於7月18日(週四)下午2:00-5:00在國立高雄師範大學文學大樓3204教室舉行,研讀主題為「『<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">進托邦』、異種智慧與後人類</span>」。導讀人為<span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: 16px;">國立高雄師範大學英語學系</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: 12pt;">楊乃女</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: 12pt;">副教授</span>,主持人為<span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: 16px;">東吳大學英文學系</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: 12pt;">蘇秋華</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: 12pt;">副教授</span>。歡迎踴躍報名參加!<br />
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">【地點】</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國立高雄師範大學文學大樓</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">3204</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">教室</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Hlk7377892"></a><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">【日期】</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">108/07/18 (</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">四</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">【時間】</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">1400-1700<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">導讀人:楊乃女</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">
<span lang="EN-US">(</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國立高雄師範大學英語學系副教授</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">主持人:蘇秋華</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">
(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">東吳大學英文學系副教授</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">研讀主題:</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「進托邦」、異種智慧與後人類</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">書名:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">Kelly, Kevin. <i>The Inevitable:
Understanding the 12 Technological Forces that Will Shape Our Future</i>. Penguin, 2016.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">範圍:</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Hlk3993409" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"></a><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">第四、十章</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">※活動報名系統網址:</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://forms.gle/bp8v4P4mwT1N49Wk6">https://forms.gle/bp8v4P4mwT1N49Wk6</a></span></div>
Alice Ming-fang Chenghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08025697371365187143noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146317341119107296.post-32345514681447612592019-07-01T02:16:00.000-07:002019-07-01T02:16:29.342-07:00媒介(Mediation)研讀班 第六場:掉落在機器控御學之外的「即身」主體 活動紀錄<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Alice Ming-fang Chenghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08025697371365187143noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146317341119107296.post-75906599072137635152019-06-04T23:57:00.000-07:002019-06-05T00:02:34.923-07:00媒介(Mediation)研讀班 第六場:掉落在機器控御學之外的「即身」主體 活動公告<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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獲科技部人社中心經費補助之媒介(Mediation)研讀班第六場,即將於6月29日(週六)下午2:00-5:00在國立成功大學修齊大樓26508外文系會議室舉行,研讀主題為「掉落在機器控御學之外的『即身』主體」。導讀人為<span style="font-family: , serif;">南臺科技大學應用英語系</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">周俊男</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">副教授</span>,主持人為<span style="font-family: , serif;">國立清華大學外文系</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">吳建亨</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">助理教授</span>。歡迎踴躍報名參加!<br />
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Hlk7377892"></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk7377892;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">【日期】</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk7377892;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk3992879;"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">108/06/29</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">
(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">六</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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(</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk533345538;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">南臺科技大學應用英語系副教授</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk533345538;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">(</span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk533345538;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國立清華大學外文系助理教授</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk535446624;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk533345538;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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2018.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />Alice Ming-fang Chenghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08025697371365187143noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146317341119107296.post-84310516851653981452019-05-27T00:58:00.000-07:002019-05-27T00:58:55.318-07:00媒介(Mediation)研讀班 第五場:「數位新皮質」的超人類主義 活動紀錄<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Alice Ming-fang Chenghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08025697371365187143noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146317341119107296.post-22440044991785480322019-04-30T08:25:00.002-07:002019-05-27T00:58:59.166-07:00媒介(Mediation)研讀班 第五場:「數位新皮質」的超人類主義 活動公告<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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獲科技部人社中心經費補助之媒介(Mediation)研讀班第五場,即將於5月25日(週六)下午2:00-5:00在國立中興大學人文大樓四樓415室舉行,研讀主題為「魔童:小怪物與『去可愛』政治」。導讀人為<span style="font-family: , serif;">國立高雄師範大學英語學系</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">呂奇芬</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">副教授</span>,主持人為<span style="font-family: , serif;">國立臺灣師範大學英語學系</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">黃涵榆</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">教授</span>。歡迎踴躍報名參加!<br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">【地點】<span style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">國立中興大學人文大樓四樓</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">415</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">室(校本部配置圖詳見下方連結)</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">【日期】</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">108/</span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk3992879;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">05/2</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">5 (</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">六</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">【時間】</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">1400-1700<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">導讀人:林建光</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Hlk535446407">(</a></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國立中興大學外文系副教授</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">)</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">主持人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">/</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">與談人:呂奇芬</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國立高雄師範大學英語學系副教授</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">研讀主題:「數位新皮質」的超人類主義</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">研讀文本:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Ray Kurzweil, <i>How to Create a Mind: The Secret of Human
Thought Revealed</i></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">研讀範圍:<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Hlk3993409"></a>第七、八、九章</span><br />
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※活動報名系統網址:<a href="https://forms.gle/RmdLggAd1g27ZUeX8">https://forms.gle/RmdLggAd1g27ZUeX8</a>Alice Ming-fang Chenghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08025697371365187143noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146317341119107296.post-17178831561598356542019-04-22T17:00:00.000-07:002019-04-22T17:00:16.642-07:00媒介(Mediation)研讀班 第四場:魔童:小怪物與「去可愛」政治 活動紀錄<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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